Effect of infusion time on risk of bloodstream infections in patients administered with BFLUID amino acid infusions via peripheral venous catheters.

Comprehensive electrolyte infusions containing amino acids, including BFLUID, are a source of nosocomial infections caused by . It is recommended that clinicians finish the administration of BFLUID within 6 h; however, this recommendation currently lacks supporting empirical evidence. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the risk of infection associated with BFLUID infusion according to the administration time.

[Efficacy of the Extract from Fermentation of Soybean and Rice Bran on Hyperglycemia].

In recent years, lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension and diabetes have been on the rise. These conditions can cause serious conditions such as myocardial and cerebral infarctions. Therefore, proper control of blood pressure and blood glucose levels is important issues in preventive medicine.

Effects of estrogens on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells.

We investigated the effect of the female hormone 17beta-estradiol (E2) and the hormone mimic bisphenol A (BPA) on the proliferation and differentiation of rat neural stem/progenitors cells (NS/PCs) cultured from the telencephalon of embryonic day-15 rats. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is a potent mitogen of early generated NS/PCs, and is used for the proliferation of NS/PCs in vitro. Administration of E2 or BPA alone to the NS/PCs stimulated their proliferation in the absence but not in the presence of FGF-2.

Quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronidation of trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen, an active metabolite of tamoxifen, by human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4.

Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is the most widely used drug for chemotherapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer in women. Trans-4-hydroxy-TAM (trans-4-HO-TAM), one of the TAM metabolites in humans, has been considered to be an active metabolite of TAM because of its higher affinity toward estrogen receptors (ERs) than the parent drug and other side-chain metabolites. In the present study, we found a new potential metabolic pathway of trans-4-HO-TAM and its geometrical isomer, cis-4-HO-TAM, via N-linked glucuronic acid conjugation for excretion in humans.

Sulfation of environmental estrogens by cytosolic human sulfotransferases.

It is known that in humans taking soy food, the phytoestrogens, daidzein (DZ) and genistein (GS), exist as sulfates and glucuronides in the plasma and are excreted as conjugates in urine. To investigate which human sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms participate in the sulfation of these phytoestrogens, the four major cytosolic SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1, occurring in the human liver were bacterially expressed as His-tagged proteins and chromatographically purified to homogeneity in the presence of Tween 20 and glycerol as highly efficient agents for stabilizing the recombinant enzymes. All the SULTs showed sulfating activity toward both DZ and GS.

Quaternary ammonium-linked glucuronidation of tamoxifen by human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4.

Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is the most widely used drug for chemotherapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer in women. In the present study, we found a new potential metabolic pathway of TAM via N-linked glucuronic acid conjugation for excretion in humans. TAM N(+)-glucuronide was isolated from a reaction mixture consisting of TAM and human liver microsomes fortified with UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) and identified with a synthetic specimen by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

Reverse geometrical selectivity in glucuronidation and sulfation of cis- and trans-4-hydroxytamoxifens by human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases.

The phenolic active metabolites, cis-4-hydroxytamoxifen (cis-HO-TAM) and trans-4-hydroxytamoxifen (trans-HO-TAM), of the anti-breast-cancer drug, trans-tamoxifen (TAM), were geometrically selectively glucuronidated in the manner of cis>>trans by microsomes and sulfated in the manner of trans>>cis by cytosol from the liver of 10 human subjects (7 females and 3 males). There was a large individual difference in the microsomal glucuronidation of cis-HO-TAM, which correlated well with glucuronidation of 4-hydroxybiphenyl by human liver microsomes. However, there was only a slight correlation between the glucuronidation of cis-HO-TAM and trans-HO-TAM or 4-nitrophenol (NP).