COVID-19 in Children and Vitamin D.

In December 2019, the so-called "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) began. This disease is characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from an asymptomatic process to life-threatening conditions associated with a "cytokine storm". This article (narrative review) summarizes the epidemiologic characteristics and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Vitamin D.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is marked by self-tissue destruction as a consequence of an alteration in the adaptive immune response that entails the evasion of immune regulation. Vitamin D carries out an immunomodulatory role that appears to promote immune tolerance. The aim of this study is to elaborate a narrative review of the relationship between vitamin D status and HT and the role of vitamin D supplementation in reducing HT risk by modulating the immune system.

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Vitamin D.

Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the ideal food in the first six months of life; however, paradoxically, vitamin D content in human breast milk is clearly low and insufficient to obtain the recommended intake of 400 IU daily. This article summarizes the extraordinary metabolism of vitamin D during pregnancy and its content in human breast milk. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women and/or nursing mothers and its potential maternal-fetal consequences are analyzed.

Vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with obesity - Altered metabolism or environmental factors?

Introduction: obesity childhood is related to vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to compare vitamin D status between adolescents with obesity living in an urban area and in a rural area. We hypothesized that environmental factors would be decisive in reducing the body content of vitamin D in patients with obesity.

Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone during Growth Hormone Treatment.

Background. There is some controversy concerning a potential interaction between vitamin D and PTH and the GH/IGF-1 axis. The goal of this study is to assess vitamin D and PTH status in children with GH deficiency at diagnostic and during treatment with rhGH.

Changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in relation to the reduction in body mass index in adolescents with obesity.

Introduction: there are controversial data in relation to the reduction in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) needed to improve adiposity in the pediatric population with obesity. The aim of this work was to determine the minimum variation in BMI-SDS required to improve the values of adiposity markers and cardiometabolic risk factors in growing adolescents with obesity. Methods: a longitudinal study consisting of clinical evaluation (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass index, and blood pressure) and blood testing (insulin resistance and lipid profile) was conducted in 350 adolescents with obesity (152 boys and 198 girls) aged 10.

Clinical data and basal gonadotropins in the diagnosis of central precocious puberty in girls.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze whether some auxological characteristics or a single basal gonadotropin measurement will be sufficient to distinguish the prepubertal from pubertal status.

Methods: Auxologycal characteristics were recorded and serum LH and FSH were measured by immunochemiluminescence assays before and after GnRH stimulation test in a sample of 241 Caucasian girls with breast budding between 6- and 8-years old. Peak LH levels higher than 5 IU/L were considered a pubertal response.

Are there any seasonal variations in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone serum levels in children and adolescents with severe obesity?

The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in children with severe obesity. We hypothesized that severe obesity could modify the seasonal variations in 25(OH)D and PTH serum levels throughout the year. A cross-sectional clinical and blood testing (calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)D, and PTH) was carried out in 282 patients with severe obesity, aged 7.

Reference values of fat mass index and fat-free mass index in healthy Spanish adolescents.

Introduction: body mass index (BMI) does not allow to discriminate the composition of the different body compartments. The aim of this study was to develop reference values for the fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) in healthy adolescents using anthropometric techniques in order to provide reference standards for daily clinical practice. Methods: a cross-sectional study in 1,040 healthy Caucasian adolescents (470 boys and 570 girls) aged 10.

Effects of the application of a prolonged combined intervention on body composition in adolescents with obesity.

Background: The aim of this study is to describe the effects of a prolonged dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention (24 months) on body composition in a group of adolescents with obesity.

Methods: Longitudinal study in 196 individuals with obesity (86 boys and 110 girls) aged 10.1-14.

Hypovitaminosis D and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents with Severe Obesity.

Background/objectives: Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and with Vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with severe obesity.

Subjects/methods: A cross-sectional clinical assessment (body mass index, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and blood pressure) and metabolic study (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, calcium, phosphorous, calcidiol, and PTH) were carried out in 236 adolescents diagnosed with severe obesity (BMI z-score > 3.

[Catch-up growth and associated factors in very low birth weight infants].

Introduction: The characteristics of catch-up growth in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) have not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to analyse the height catch-up and some associated factors in a cohort of VLBW (birth weight<1,500g) from birth to age 14 years.

Methods: We obtained retrospective data on weight and height at birth and ages one, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years in a cohort of 170 VLBW.

Assessment of vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone during a combined intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity.

Background: Obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this work is to analyze the changes in vitamin D status and PTH levels in a group of children with obesity receiving combined intervention program in order to get BMI status reduction.

Methods: Longitudinal study in 119 children with obesity, aged 9.

Central precocious puberty in girls: Diagnostic study and auxological response to triptorelin treatment.

Introduction: There are several controversies regarding the diagnostic tests and management of central precocious puberty (CPP). The aim of this study is to present the experience acquired in a group of girls with CPP treated with triptorelin, and to analyze the auxological characteristics and diagnostic tests.

Material And Methods: An observational, retrospective study in a group of 60 girls with CPP was conducted between January 2010 and December 2017.

Assessment of body composition changes during a combined intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity.

Objective: One of the main objectives in the treatment of childhood obesity is to reduce the percentage of body fat mass without negatively affecting fat-free mass (FFM) and, consequently, longitudinal growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes that take place in body compartments in a group of patients with obesity under combined treatment.

Methods: This was a longitudinal study with 109 children with obesity 9.

Vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy taking valproate and levetiracetam as monotherapy.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate if valproate (VPA) and levetiracetam (LEV) as monotherapy are associated with vitamin D deficiency among children with epilepsy.

Material & Methods: A cross-sectional clinical (seizure types, aetiology of epilepsy, dosage, drug levels, and duration of AED treatment) and blood testing (calcium, phosphorus, 25-OHD and PTH) study was accomplished in 90 epileptic children (AED group: 59 receiving VPA, and 31 receiving LEV) and a control group (244 healthy subjects). 25-OHD levels were categorized as low (<20ng/ml), borderline (20-29ng/ml), or normal (>30ng/ml) RESULTS: The average dosage of VPA and LEV was 20.

[Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and associated factors in Spanish population of school children and adolescents].

Objective: To analyse the prevalence of hypovitaminosisD and associated factors in school children and adolescents living in a region of northern Spain.

Design: Cross-sectional study (convenience sampling).

Setting: Primary Health Care.

Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalised children: retrospective study in a Spanish tertiary-level hospital.

Objective: To analyse the prevalence of malnutrition among paediatric patients at the time of hospital admission throughout a calendar year in a tertiary-level hospital and to identify those patients and/or groups of pathologies with a higher risk of malnutrition.

Design: Observational (retrospective evaluation of nutrition status).

Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.

Seasonal variations in calcidiol and parathyroid hormone levels in healthy children and adolescents in Navarre, Spain: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: To analyze the seasonal variations in calcidiol and parathyroid hormone serum levels along a natural year in a paediatric population living in a region of the north of Spain considering a normal nutrition status.

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Setting: Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain.

[VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH NORMAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS].

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency throughout a natural year in a pediatric population with normal nutrition status.

Material And Methods: cross sectional clinical and analytical study (calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, calcidiol and parathyroid hormone) in 413 caucasian individuals (aged 3.1 to 15.

[Nutritional status at the time of admission among patients admitted to a tertiary-care paediatric hospital].

Objective: To analyze the nutrition status of the pediatric patients at the time of hospital admission throughout a calendar year in a tertiary level hospital and to identify those patients and/or groups of pathologies with a higher risk of malnutrition.

Material And Methods: Retrospective evaluation of nutrition status of 852 patients hospitalized in 2013 in a pediatric hospital (462 males and 390 females). Sex, age, body mass index at the moment of admission and days of hospitalization and diagnosis codified according to the International Classification of Diseases were registered.