Privacy Preserving Technology using Federated Learning and Blockchain in protecting against Adversarial Attacks for Retinal Imaging.

Purpose: Collaboration provides valuable data for robust artificial intelligence (AI) model development. Federated learning (FL) is a privacy enhancing technology that allows collaboration while respecting privacy via the development of models without raw data transfer. However state-of-the-art FL models still face challenges in non-independent and identically distributed (non-i.

Evaluation of Visual Outcomes in Patients With Aberrated Corneas Implanted With the IC-8 Small-Aperture IOL.

Purpose: To assess the visual outcomes in patients with cataract implanted with a small-aperture intraocular lens (IOL) in eyes with aberrated corneas.

Methods: This prospective, non-interventional, single-center clinical study was conducted at Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore. Twenty-one patients with aberrated corneas had IC-8 IOL (Bausch & Lomb, Inc) implantation.

Cybersecurity in the generative artificial intelligence era.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) are algorithms capable of generating original content. The ability of GenAI to learn and generate novel outputs alike human cognition has taken the world by storm and ushered in a new era. In this review, we explore the role of GenAI in healthcare, including clinical, operational, and research applications, and delve into the cybersecurity risks of this technology.

Evaluation of jigsaw collaborative learning strategy on students' learning of clinical pharmacokinetics of special populations.

Objectives: To evaluate the learning gain and students' perceptions towards Jigsaw collaborative learning in comparison with lectures in learning about pharmacokinetic changes in special populations.

Methods: Undergraduates learn about A-D-M-E of specific populations via Jigsaw collaborative learning and didactic lectures. Pre- and post-lesson quizzes were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching method in terms of knowledge gain.

Clinical performance of automated machine learning: A systematic review.

Introduction: Automated machine learning (autoML) removes technical and technological barriers to building artificial intelligence models. We aimed to summarise the clinical applications of autoML, assess the capabilities of utilised platforms, evaluate the quality of the evidence trialling autoML, and gauge the performance of autoML platforms relative to conventionally developed models, as well as each other.

Method: This review adhered to a prospectively registered protocol (PROSPERO identifier CRD42022344427).

Femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis versus small-incision lenticule extraction: current approach based on evidence.

Purpose Of Review: Laser keratorefractive surgery achieves excellent visual outcomes for refractive error correction. With femtosecond laser, small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is an increasingly viable alternative to laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Comparative studies demonstrate similar efficacy and predictability between SMILE and LASIK, making it difficult for clinicians to choose which to use.

Recovery of surgery in the elderly (ROSE) program: The efficacy of a multi-modal prehabilitation program implemented in frail and pre-frail elderly undergoing major abdominal surgery.

Background: Major abdominal surgery is associated with a high rate of post-operative complications with increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes due to the presence of frailty. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the multimodal Recovery of Surgery in the Elderly (ROSE) prehabilitation program with supervised exercise in mitigating postoperative functional decline when compared to standard care.

Method: The ROSE program enrolled ambulant patients who were 65 years and above, had a Clinical Frailty Scale score of 4 or more and were planned for major abdominal surgery.

Federated machine learning in healthcare: A systematic review on clinical applications and technical architecture.

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning framework that is gaining traction in view of increasing health data privacy protection needs. By conducting a systematic review of FL applications in healthcare, we identify relevant articles in scientific, engineering, and medical journals in English up to August 31st, 2023. Out of a total of 22,693 articles under review, 612 articles are included in the final analysis.

Continuity obstetric care demonstrates greater vaginal birth after caesarean success.

Background: Australia's caesarean rate is higher than Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average, and is rising. Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is safe for selected women. Midwifery continuity of care (CoC) is associated with higher rates of vaginal birth compared to other models; however, impacts on VBAC attempts and success are unknown.

International incidence and temporal trends for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We set out to estimate the international incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and to evaluate its temporal trend over time. There is a lack of robust estimates on the worldwide incidence and trend for RRD, a major cause of acute vision loss. We conducted a systematic review of RRD incidence.

Before and after COVID-19 pandemic: impact on hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgical services in a Singapore Tertiary Hospital.

Background: Reallocation of healthcare resources to prioritize the COVID-19 pandemic-related incremental healthcare needs resulted in longer waiting times for routine elective clinical services.

Aims: We aimed to analyze the effects of the pandemic on the hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) unit's surgical workload.

Methods: The HPB unit's surgical workload for the months of January-June from 2019 to 2022 was extracted, retrospectively compared, and analyzed.

Flavivirus genome recoding by codon optimisation confers genetically stable in vivo attenuation in both mice and mosquitoes.

Virus genome recoding is an attenuation method that confers genetically stable attenuation by rewriting a virus genome with numerous silent mutations. Prior flavivirus genome recoding attempts utilised codon deoptimisation approaches. However, these codon deoptimisation approaches act in a species dependent manner and were unable to confer flavivirus attenuation in mosquito cells or in mosquito animal models.

Chelerythrine chloride inhibits Zika virus infection by targeting the viral NS4B protein.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has re-emerged as a significant threat to global health in the recent decade. Whilst infections are primarily asymptomatic, the virus has been associated with the manifestation of severe neurological complications. At present, there is still a lack of approved antivirals for ZIKV infections.

A translational perspective towards clinical AI fairness.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated the ability to extract insights from data, but the fairness of such data-driven insights remains a concern in high-stakes fields. Despite extensive developments, issues of AI fairness in clinical contexts have not been adequately addressed. A fair model is normally expected to perform equally across subgroups defined by sensitive variables (e.

Federated and distributed learning applications for electronic health records and structured medical data: a scoping review.

Objectives: Federated learning (FL) has gained popularity in clinical research in recent years to facilitate privacy-preserving collaboration. Structured data, one of the most prevalent forms of clinical data, has experienced significant growth in volume concurrently, notably with the widespread adoption of electronic health records in clinical practice. This review examines FL applications on structured medical data, identifies contemporary limitations, and discusses potential innovations.

Artificial intelligence and digital health in global eye health: opportunities and challenges.

Global eye health is defined as the degree to which vision, ocular health, and function are maximised worldwide, thereby optimising overall wellbeing and quality of life. Improving eye health is a global priority as a key to unlocking human potential by reducing the morbidity burden of disease, increasing productivity, and supporting access to education. Although extraordinary progress fuelled by global eye health initiatives has been made over the last decade, there remain substantial challenges impeding further progress.

Combined PARP and WEE1 inhibition triggers anti-tumor immune response in BRCA1/2 wildtype triple-negative breast cancer.

Novel therapeutic strategies that can effectively combine with immunotherapies are needed in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We demonstrate that combined PARP and WEE1 inhibition are synergistic in controlling tumour growth in BRCA1/2 wild-type TNBC preclinical models. The PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib combined with the WEE1 inhibitor (WEE1i) adavosertib triggered increases in anti-tumour immune responses, including STING pathway activation.

Six-Year Incidence and Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study.

Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) in a multiethnic Asian population.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Participants: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study included 10 033 participants in the baseline examination between 2004 and 2011.

Explainable artificial intelligence in ophthalmology.

Purpose Of Review: Despite the growing scope of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) applications in the field of ophthalmology, most have yet to reach clinical adoption. Beyond model performance metrics, there has been an increasing emphasis on the need for explainability of proposed DL models.

Recent Findings: Several explainable AI (XAI) methods have been proposed, and increasingly applied in ophthalmological DL applications, predominantly in medical imaging analysis tasks.

Artificial intelligence enabled smart digital eye wearables.

Purpose Of Review: Smart eyewear is a head-worn wearable device that is evolving as the next phase of ubiquitous wearables. Although their applications in healthcare are being explored, they have the potential to revolutionize teleophthalmology care. This review highlights their applications in ophthalmology care and discusses future scope.

Tucatinib promotes immune activation and synergizes with programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibition in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Background: Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have poor efficacy in patients with trastuzumab-resistant advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. Tucatinib is a potent, selective anti-HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with proven clinical benefit in the advanced setting in patients with trastuzumab resistance. We investigated if tucatinib can alter the tumor microenvironment and if this could be harnessed for therapeutic efficacy.