Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study.

Background: This study aimed to describe and compare therapeutic approaches for horses with acute diarrhea in different geographic regions worldwide.

Methods: Clinical information was retrospectively collected from diarrheic horses presented to participating institutions between 2016 and 2020, including fluid therapy on admission, antimicrobial drugs, probiotics, anti-endotoxic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, gastroprotectants, digital cryotherapy, and toxin-binding agents. Seasonal and geographic differences were investigated.

Egg reappearance periods of anthelmintics against equine cyathostomins: The state of play revisited.

Cyathostomins are the most common and highly prevalent parasites of horses worldwide. Historically, the control of cyathostomins has mainly relied on the routine use of anthelmintic products. Increasing reports on anthelmintic resistance (AR) in cyathostomins are concerning.

Molecular diagnostics for gastrointestinal helminths in equids: Past, present and future.

This review is aimed to (i) appraise the literature on the use of molecular techniques for the detection, quantification and differentiation of gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) of equids, (ii) identify the knowledge gaps and, (iii) discuss diagnostic prospects in equine parasitology. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews, we retrieved 54 studies (horses: 50/54; donkeys and zebras: 4/54) from four databases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in all of the studies whereas PCR amplicons were sequenced in only 18 of them.

Comparative studies on faecal egg counting techniques used for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of equines: A systematic review.

Faecal egg counting techniques (FECT) form the cornerstone for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites in equines. For this purpose, several flotation, centrifugation, image- and artificial intelligence-based techniques are used, with varying levels of performance. This review aimed to critically appraise the literature on the assessment and comparison of various coprological techniques and/or modifications of these techniques used for equines and to identify the knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses.

Background: Cyathostomins are the most important and common parasitic nematodes of horses, with > 50 species known to occur worldwide. The frequent and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes. In this study we assessed the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against cyathostomins in Australian thoroughbred horses.

Molecular detection of Strongyloides sp. in Australian Thoroughbred foals.

Background: Strongyloides westeri is found in the small intestine of young horses, mainly in foals up to about 16 weeks of age. The main source of infection for foals is through transmammary transmission, and foals can develop acute diarrhoea, weakness, dermatitis and respiratory signs. The epidemiology of S.

Fibrinogen heterogeneity in horses.

Background: Fibrinogen heterogeneity has been observed in humans and can influence fibrinogen measurements when using the modified Clauss assay. We hypothesized that fibrinogen heterogeneity also exists in horses.

Objectives: To determine whether fibrinogen heterogeneity exists in horses.

Urine creatinine concentration and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios in healthy nonracing Greyhounds.

Background: Serum creatinine concentrations are higher in Greyhounds when compared with nonsighthound breeds. Greyhounds might also have higher urine creatinine concentrations compared with other breeds, which could affect urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) references.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the UPC reference intervals (RIs) in healthy nonracing Greyhounds and compare this with UPC values in a group of healthy nonsighthounds and with the current International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines.

In vitro effects of lactated Ringer's solution, hypertonic saline, hydroxyethyl starch, hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch, and mannitol on thromboelastographic variables of canine whole blood.

Objective: To assess the in vitro effects of crystalloid and colloid IV fluids on the thromboelastographic (TEG) variables of canine whole blood.

Design: In vitro experimental study.

Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital.

Anti-inflammatory effects of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, doramapimod, against bacterial cell wall toxins in equine whole blood.

Doramapimod (BIRB-796-BS), is an anti-inflammatory compound, acting through p38 MAPK inhibition, but its anti-inflammatory effects have not previously been studied in the horse. Whole blood aliquots from healthy horses diluted 1:1 with cell culture medium were incubated for 21 h with 1 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or peptidoglycan (PGN) in the presence of increasing concentrations of doramapimod (3 × 10 M to 10 M). Cell bioassays were used to measure TNF-α and IL-1β activity.

Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia.

Background: Equine gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have been the subject of intermittent studies in Australia over the past few decades. However, comprehensive information on the epidemiology of equine GINs, the efficacy of available anthelmintic drugs and the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Australasia is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed existing knowledge on the horse GINs recorded in Australia, and main aspects of their pathogeneses, epidemiology, diagnoses, treatment and control.

Establishment of reference intervals for serum symmetric dimethylarginine in adult nonracing Greyhounds.

Background: The reference intervals (RIs) for the renal biomarkers urea and creatinine, in Greyhounds, are higher than those for non-sighthound breeds. A recent study has demonstrated a higher concentration of another biomarker of renal function, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), in Greyhounds compared with other dog breeds, and thus a breed-specific RI for serum SDMA may be appropriate for Greyhounds. Greyhounds appear to be predisposed to renal disease, and the establishment of an appropriate RI for SDMA may improve the ability to identify early renal dysfunction in this breed.

Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 2: Prognostic and diagnostic utility and the clinical management of hyperlactatemia.

Objective: To review the current literature pertaining to the use of lactate as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic guide, the utility of measuring lactate concentrations in body fluids other than blood or plasma, and the clinical management of hyperlactatemia in dogs, cats, and horses.

Data Sources: Articles were retrieved without date restrictions primarily via PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts as well as by manual selection.

Human And Veterinary Data Synthesis: Increased plasma lactate concentrations are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 1: Physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement.

Objective: To review the current literature with respect to the physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement of lactate.

Data Sources: Data were sourced from veterinary and human clinical trials, retrospective studies, experimental studies, and review articles. Articles were retrieved without date restrictions and were sourced primarily via PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts as well as by manual selection.

Effects of polymyxin-B on TNF-α production in equine whole blood stimulated with three different bacterial toxins.

Polymyxin-B is used to treat equine systemic inflammation. Bacterial toxins other than lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contribute to systemic inflammation but the effects of polymyxin-B on these are poorly defined. Whole blood aliquots from six healthy horses diluted 1:1 with RPMI were incubated for 21 hr with 1 μg/ml of LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or peptidoglycan (PGN) in the presence of increasing concentrations of polymyxin-B (10-3000 μg/ml).

Elapid snake envenomation in horses: 52 cases (2006-2016).

Background: Snake envenomation is a cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic animals worldwide. The clinical features of crotalid snake (pit viper) envenomation are widely reported and well described in horses but elapid snake envenomation is poorly characterised.

Objectives: To describe the presentation, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with a diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation in Australia.

Treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in a horse.

Objective: To describe the treatment of persistent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in a young horse in endurance training.

Case Summary: A 6-year-old Arab gelding in endurance training presented for a dysrhythmia and decreased performance. SVT was diagnosed and conversion to a normal sinus rhythm was achieved following administration of a constant rate infusion of amiodarone.

Periparturient characteristics of mares and their foals on a New Zealand Thoroughbred stud farm.

Aims: To describe selected periparturient variables in a sample of Thoroughbred mares and their foals on a commercial stud farm in New Zealand.

Methods: Data were collected for 969 foaling records, from 592 mares, by foaling attendants from one Thoroughbred stud farm in the Waikato region of New Zealand for the breeding seasons 2008-2013, inclusive, and collated retrospectively. The associations between mare- and foal-level variables and gestation length, time of birth (expressed as the number of hours after midday), fetal membrane retention time, time for the foal to stand and suckle after birth, and foal mortality were quantified using linear and logistic regression models.

Evidence for marsh mallow (Malva parviflora) toxicosis causing myocardial disease and myopathy in four horses.

Reason For Performing The Study: Investigation of toxicosis caused by Malva parviflora was required after 4 horses from the same farm developed severe muscle fasciculations, tachycardia, sweating and periods of recumbency leading to death or euthanasia after ingesting the plant.

Objectives: To describe historical, clinical, clinicopathological and pathological findings of 4 horses with suspected M. parviflora toxicosis.

The Equine Neonatal Central Nervous System: Development and Diseases.

Neonatal encephalopathy is the most common neurologic condition affecting newborn foals and shares similarities with perinatal asphyxia syndrome of human infants. In many cases of neonatal encephalopathy there is no obvious episode of acute or chronic hypoxia and other mechanisms likely play a role in the pathogenesis. Increased concentrations of neuroactive progestagens are found in affected foals; whether these molecules are protective, as has been suggested, or play a role in the pathogenesis is unknown.

Blood lactate measurement and interpretation in critically ill equine adults and neonates.

Admission blood lactate concentration is widely used as a prognostic indicator in equine medicine and can be a useful indicator of disease severity but typically fails to completely discriminate survivors from nonsurvivors. Increased admission lactate concentrations in adult horses typically return to normal within 12 to 24 hours. Lactate concentrations in neonatal foals are higher than adult concentrations for the first 24 to 72 hours of life.

Use of viscoelastic coagulation testing to monitor low molecular weight heparin administration to healthy horses.

Objectives: To evaluate the utility of thromboelastography (TEG) and Sonoclot analyses to monitor the effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration to healthy horses.

Design: Randomized crossover study.

Setting: Large animal veterinary teaching hospital.

Pharmacodynamics of multi-dose low molecular weight heparin in healthy horses.

Objectives: To compare the pharmacodynamics of once daily and twice daily administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration in horses.

Study Design: Randomized cross over study.

Animals: Adult mixed breed healthy mares (n = 6).