Assessment of pollution and health risks from exposure to heavy metals in soil, wheat grains, drinking water, and atmospheric particulate matter.

Heavy metal pollution is a global environmental issue that poses serious threats to human health. In the Bian East Industrial Cluster Zone of Kaifeng City, prolonged sewage irrigation and industrial activities have led to severe heavy metal contamination in various environmental media and crops. However, the health risks posed by heavy metals in different environmental media in this area are yet to be assessed.