Factors Associated With Adherence to a Low Fermentable Carbohydrate Diet in Children With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Background: The low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet (LFD) has been associated with reduced symptomology in pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The LFD is a complex dietary intervention that may be difficult to follow; thus, there is great interest in determining factors that contribute to adherence.

Objective: To examine whether baseline abdominal pain, emotional/behavioral problems, or quality of life predict adherence to the LFD in children with FGIDs.

Impact of cannabidiol on reward- and stress-related neurocognitive processes among individuals with opioid use disorder: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over trial.

Introduction: Opioid use disorder (OUD) continues to be a significant public health concern. Medications for OUD (MOUD) such as buprenorphine reduce overdose mortality, but relapses occur often, leading to adverse outcomes. Preliminary data suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may be a potential adjunctive treatment to MOUD by attenuating cue-reactivity.

Acoustical engineering: A complete academic undergraduate program in Brazil.

Acoustics is a broad field of knowledge that extends branches all over the physics of wave phenomena, psychology, natural sciences, and engineering. It is taught, in general, as part of engineering, physics, or architecture programs, or even in graduate programs specialized in the theme. In Brazil, acoustics was taught in graduate programs, until the creation of Acoustical Engineering in 2009, at the Federal University of Santa Maria, an integral undergraduate program dedicated to acoustics, audio, and vibration (lasting ten semesters).

Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness.

An estimated one in six children in the United States suffers from a mental disorder, including mood, anxiety, or behavioral disorders. This rate is even higher in children with chronic medical illness. This manuscript provides a concise review of the symptoms that comprise mental conditions often observed in children with chronic illness or at the end of life.

The role of temperament in alcohol use among college students.

Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among young adults are important public health concerns. The high prevalence and negative effects of alcohol use suggests that there is a need for improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcohol use. The current study utilizes the model of adult temperament proposed by Evans and Rothbart (2007) as the framework with which to examine the interplay among temperament domains and alcohol use.

Methylphenidate Improves Autonomic Functioning among Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Psychostimulants are commonly prescribed medications for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Limited studies have evaluated how psychostimulants (e.g.

Understanding Substance use Policies and Associated Ethical Concerns: A survey of Pediatric Transplant Centers.

Psychosocial risk factors, such as substance use, have been linked to poor post-transplant outcomes for solid organ transplant patients, including poor medication adherence, increased risk for rejection, and even graft failure. Despite universal consensus that substance use is an increasing problem among youth, many pediatric transplant centers do not have policies in place to address substance use and no universal guidelines exist regarding assessment during the pre-transplant evaluation in this population. An online survey was administered via REDCap™ and directed toward medical leaders (ie, medical and surgical directors) of national heart, kidney, and liver transplant centers.

Emotion Regulation via the Autonomic Nervous System in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Replication and Extension.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity, as well as executive dysfunction. Recent work underlines the importance in understanding the role of emotion reactivity and regulatory deficits in the context of the disorder. One study (i.

Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Youth with Developmental Disabilities.

Oxidative stress is understood to be involved in the ontology and maintenance of different developmental disabilities. Some complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies have been proposed to modify this relationship by affecting oxidative stress pathways. However, it is unclear which of these CAM therapies are used among children with different developmental disabilities.

Blunted Evoked Prouroguanylin Endocrine Secretion in Chronic Constipation.

Objectives: Prouroguanylin (ProUGN) in the intestine is cleaved to form uroguanylin (UGN), which stimulates guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C), inducing cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling. Paracrine release regulates fluid secretion, contributing to bowel function, whereas endocrine secretion evoked by eating forms a gut-brain axis, controlling appetite. Whereas hormone insufficiency contributes to hyperphagia in obesity, its contribution to the pathophysiology of constipation syndromes remains unexplored.

Intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT) for children with selective mutism: A preliminary randomized clinical trial.

Objective: Very few controlled trials have evaluated targeted treatment methods for childhood selective mutism (SM); the availability of evidence-based services remains limited. This study is the first controlled trial to evaluate an intensive group behavioral treatment (IGBT) for children with SM.

Method: Twenty-nine children with SM (5-9 years; 76% female; 35% ethnic minority) were randomized to immediate SM 5-day IGBT or to a 4-week waitlist with psychoeducational resources (WLP), and were assessed at Week 4 and again 8 weeks into the following school year.

Parent Emotion Expression and Autonomic-Linked Emotion Dysregulation in Childhood ADHD.

Despite evidence that ADHD is associated with disruptions in emotion regulation, few studies have examined the biological correlates of emotion dysregulation among children with this disorder. Prior work has pointed to roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, as indexed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP), respectively. Work in typically developing populations suggests that parenting behavior and parental emotion expression may shape the development of these systems.

Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in response inhibition, response execution, and emotion regulation. However, the nature of the associations among these deficits remains unclear. Thus, this study examines these associations using a multi-method design.

Specificity of Reward Sensitivity and Parasympathetic-Based Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with disruptionsin reward sensitivity and regulatory processes. However, it is unclear whether thesedisruptions are better explained by comorbid disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)symptomology. This study sought to examine this question using multiple levels ofanalysis (i.

Hybridization and regularization schemes applied to identify rough acoustic impedance profiles in slender structures with noisy data.

The modified sequential algebraic algorithm (MSAA) is a routine developed to solve the longitudinal acoustic wave propagation problem in inhomogeneous media. This method accurately predicts the echo generated by the inhomogeneities, particularly when the acoustic impedance variation profile in the damaged part of the structure is non-smooth. Used for solving the inverse problem by a stochastic optimization approach, MSAA efficiently identifies rough profiles of impedance with low noise level in the input data.

A modified sequential algebraic algorithm applied to identify rough acoustic impedance profiles in slender structures.

This paper develops and examines a modified technique for identifying damage in slender structures. An algorithm, called modified sequential algebraic algorithm, is presented to solve the longitudinal acoustic wave propagation problem in inhomogeneous media. This method accurately predicts the echo generated by the inhomogeneities when the acoustic impedance variation profile in the damaged part of the structure is non-smooth.

Diastematomyelia and tumor in adults: report of two cases and literature review.

Study Design: Case report and review of the literature.

Objective: To report on 2 rare cases of association of diastematomyelia with dysembryogenetic tumors and revision of the literature.

Summary Of Background Data: Diastematomyelia is an occult spinal diastrophism pathologically characterized by a clefting of the spinal cord with/without its overlying structures.

Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume in shunted patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

Background And Purpose: Aqueductal CSF stroke volume (ACSV) measured by phase-contrast MR imaging is a tool for selection of surgical patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between clinical outcome and changes in ACSV in patients with iNPH who have been shunted.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-five shunted patients with iNPH underwent clinical evaluation and ACSV measurements 7-30 days before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Changes in aqueductal CSF stroke volume and progression of symptoms in patients with unshunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Background And Purpose: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) represents a diagnostic challenge, given its variable presentation and progression. Stroke volume (SV), defined as the mean volume of CSF passing through the aqueduct during both systole and diastole, greater than or equal to 42 muL, serves as a selection criterion for patients with good probabilities of improvement after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (VPS). In this study, we evaluated the changes in SV during the progression of clinical symptoms in patients with suspected NPH.

Extra-arachnoidal cranio-cervical decompression for syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation in adults: technique assessment.

Background: The osteo-dural decompression of the cerebellar tonsils at the cranio-cervical junction is generally considered the most effective treatment for syringomyelia-Chiari I complex. However much controversy concerning a great number of surgical adjuvants to the standard bony decompression is still present. In this work an extra-arachnoidal cranio-cervical decompression (CCD) without duroplasty is described and the surgical results are reported.

Effect of prolonged moderate and severe energy restriction and refeeding on plasma leptin concentrations in obese women.

Background: Plasma leptin in humans is subject to both long- and short-term regulation; it correlates with indexes of body fat that can only change slowly. However, short-term fasting causes large and rapid decreases.

Objective: We tested the interactions between energy intake and fat loss on plasma leptin during prolonged moderate and severe energy restriction, with a view to understanding mechanisms of control.

Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat.

To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 micrograms) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals.

Regulation of average 24h human plasma leptin level; the influence of exercise and physiological changes in energy balance.

Objective: The effects of short-term moderate physiological changes in energy flux and energy balance, by exercise and over- or underfeeding, on a 24h plasma leptin profile, were investigated.

Design: Subjects were studied over 24h in four randomized conditions: no exercise/energy balance (energy intake (EI)=energy expenditure (EE)=11.8+/-0.

High expression of leptin by human bone marrow adipocytes in primary culture.

Adipocytes participate in the microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM), but their exact role remains to be determined. It has recently been shown that leptin, a hormone secreted from extramedullary adipocytes, could be involved in hematopoiesis. Therefore we have developed a primary culture system of human BM adipocytes to characterize their differentiation and determine whether leptin is also secreted from these adipocytes.