HIF-1α regulated pathomechanism of low birth weight through angiogenesis factors in placental infection.

Background: Malaria in pregnancy leads to placental malaria. The primary pathogenesis of the complex fetal implications in placental malaria is tissue hypoxia due to sequestrations of -infected erythrocytes in the placenta. However, the pathomechanism of placental infection has not been thoroughly investigated.

Fetal Growth Retardation is Associated with High Apoptotic Cells and Low VEGF Expression in Placenta of Malarial Pregnant Mice.

Background: During pregnancy, pregnant women are susceptible to malaria, contributing significantly to maternal and infant mortality.

Objective: This research was conducted to study the effect of Plasmodium berghei infection in pregnant mice on fetal growth retardation through placental cell apoptosis and the change of local vascularization.

Methods: Eighteen pregnant Balb/c strain mice resulting from simultanously mating were divided into two groups those were nine pregnant mice used as non infected group and nine pregnant mice infected with Plasmodium berghei on day 9th post mating used as infected group respectively.

Plasmodium infection and dysbiosis: A new paradigm in the host-parasite interaction.

The mucosal immune system contributes for the largest component of the tissue immune system due to its massive surface area and constant exposure to the microbiota. The gut microbiota comprises a complex micro-ecosystem in the intestine and plays a major role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Several studies revealed that infectious diseases involve bidirectional interactions in the gut microenvironment, including changes in the gut microbiota composition.

Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of in free-range chicken in Northeastern Libya.

Background: is one of the zoonotic protozoa parasites. It can prevalently infect humans and warm-blooded animals, causing human health problems and substantial economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Chicken is one of the potential sources of toxoplasmosis, but there is no report of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and their genotypes in free-range chickens in Libya.

Administration Diminishes Parasitemia and Inflammation During Infection in Mice.

Purpose: During () infection, infected erythrocytes are sequestered in gut tissues through microvascular circulation, leading to dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of () and () administration on the parasitemia level, gut microbiota composition, expression of cluster of differentiation 103 (CD103) in intestinal dendritic and T regulatory cells (T reg), plasma interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels in infected mice.

Methods: was inoculated intraperitoneally.

supplementation reduces MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in a rat model exposed to soot particulates.

Background: Particulate matter (PM) is one of the important components in air pollution that can cause endothelial vascular dysfunction through exacerbation of atherosclerosis and inflammation of the respiratory system. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma can be an indicator of oxidative stress. Then, macrophages can secrete proinflammatory cytokines that will stimulate immune cells and vascular endothelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α).

Duration of Storage Reduced Erythrocytes Profiles and Viability in Donor Blood.

Background: Malaria screening for blood derived from any donors prior to transfusions is a standard procedure that should be performed; but, in fact, it is not routinely conducted. In case of the blood is infected with spp., the survival of parasites may be depending on, or even influencing, the profile of red blood cells (RBCs).

Accumulation of CD4 and CD8 T Cells in Placenta of Malaria Infected Mice Induces the Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) and Low Birth Weight (LBW) of the Fetus.

Background: Placental malaria involves the sequestration of infected erythrocytes and infiltration of monocytes, helper T cells (CD4), cytotoxic T cells (CD8) as well as T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) in placental intervillous space. These may interferes the nutrient and oxygen transport, causing placental hypoxia and insufficiency that may affect the fetal growth. This study aimed to prove whether the infiltration of lymphocytes in placental malaria mice increases the expression of HIF-1α thus causes fetal Low Birth Weight (LBW).

Parasitemia Induces High Plasma Levels of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Low Levels of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß) in Pregnant Mice Infected with Malaria.

Background: During pregnancy, the balanced dominance of the T helper17 response shifts to a Th2 response that is characterised by the production of IL-10, following the completion of the implantation process. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression is associated with the completion of trophoblast invasion and placental growth. This study assessed the effect of malaria infection on the levels of IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β in the plasma of pregnant mice with malaria.

Detection of immunogenic proteins from Anopheles sundaicus salivary glands in the human serum.

Introduction: The saliva of mosquitoes has an important role in the transmission of several diseases, including malaria, and contains substances with vasomodulating and immunomodulating effects to counteract the host physiological mechanisms and enhance pathogen transmission. As immunomodulatory components, salivary gland proteins can induce the generation of specific IgG antibodies in the host, which can be used as specific biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles sundaicus . The objective of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins from the salivary glands of Anopheles sundaicus by reaction with sera from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas who are thus exposed to Anopheles mosquitoes.

Low Fetal Weight is Directly Caused by Sequestration of Parasites and Indirectly by IL-17 and IL-10 Imbalance in the Placenta of Pregnant Mice with Malaria.

The sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the placenta can activate the syncytiotrophoblast to release cytokines that affect the micro-environment and influence the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus. The high level of IL-10 has been reported in the intervillous space and could prevent the pathological effects. There is still no data of Th17 involvement in the pathogenesis of placental malaria.

Unusual presentation of vivax malaria with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, renal disturbance, and melena: a report from malang, a nonendemic area in indonesia.

Most of the complications of malaria such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, and renal failure are commonly found in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but the incidence of severe and complicated vivax malaria tends to be increasing. We report two cases of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria from Malang, a nonendemic area in Indonesia. Patients exhibited anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, renal disturbance, and melena.