Moxidectin is a candidate for use as an internal standard in pharmacokinetic studies, as demonstrated with use in simultaneous tissue cage and ultrafiltration fluid collection.

ultrafiltration has been used in veterinary pharmacokinetics since the early 2000's as an improvement on the tissue cage model which enables sampling of fluids from extra-circulatory compartments. Variability in analyte recovery from ultrafiltration samples, due to membrane fouling or tissue inflammation, has been a concern for this technique. Internal standards may be used to scale or verify the unknown result, such as is common in analytical extractions and microdialysis.

The Surface Area to Volume Ratio Changes the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters in the Subcutaneous Tissue Cage Model: As Illustrated by Carprofen in Sheep.

Introduction: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models can be powerful tools for predicting outcomes. Many models are based on repetitive sampling of the vascular space, due to the simplicity of obtaining samples. As many drugs do not exert their effect in the vasculature, models have been developed to sample tissues outside the bloodstream.

Intravenous Acetaminophen Does Not Provide Adequate Postoperative Analgesia in Dogs Following Ovariohysterectomy.

(1) Objective: To investigate the analgesic effects of intravenous acetaminophen after intravenous administration in dogs presenting for ovariohysterectomy. (2) Methods: 14 ASA I client-owned female entire dogs. In this randomized, blinded, clinical study, dogs were given meperidine and acepromazine intramuscularly before induction of anesthesia with intravenous propofol.

A Survey of Injuries That Occurred in Veterinary Teaching Hospitals during 2017.

Knowing the frequency, extent or severity of injuries that occur to students and staff within veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) is necessary for proactive management of their safety. This study surveyed contemporaneously-captured incident reports likely to cause or causing injury to students and staff of veterinary teaching hospitals in Europe, the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, recorded in 2017. Four different severities of incident were evaluated within four different cohorts of people, precipitated by five categories for cause.

Study design synopsis: Designing and performing pharmacokinetic studies for systemically administered drugs in horses.

The goal of this editorial is to discuss best practice design, execution and reporting of a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in horses. Our target readers are clinicians who plan to perform this type of research, in a field, clinic or research setting but we also hope that this article might help readers of such work to appraise the articles and understand the quality of the studies. Our emphasis will be on appropriate study design and analytical method, drug and drug formulation choice and route of administration, animal choice, sample collection, storage and shipping, and reporting, rather than the PK data analysis itself.

Physiologically based modelling of the pharmacokinetics of three beta-lactam antibiotics after intra-mammary administration in dairy cows.

Understanding the pharmacokinetics of intra-mammary antibiotics is important for the prediction of drug residues in milk and for the design of optimal dosage regimens. Unfortunately, compartmental pharmacokinetic models are not valid for this unique system. A minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model is presented incorporating the physiology of milk secretion, drug administration at the quarter level, drug absorption and dispersion, drug retention during the inter-milking interval and episodic drug elimination at milking.

A controlled randomized clinical trial to assess postoperative analgesia after thiopental-isoflurane anaesthesia or total intravenous anaesthesia with alfaxalone in dogs.

Alfaxalone, a synthetic neuroactive steroid, has been attributed with properties including sedation, anaesthesia and analgesia. The clinical relevance of any analgesic properties of alfaxalone has not been demonstrated. This study was a prospective, blinded, randomized, negative control clinical trial in 65 healthy dogs presented for ovariohysterectomy.

Two-point ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane injection in canine cadavers - a pilot study.

Objective: This study evaluated the spread of a two-point transversus abdominis plane (TAP) injection in canine cadavers. Compared with previous techniques, the two-point TAP injection was developed to increase the consistency of local anaesthetic spread to the nerve segments T11, T12, L1, L2 and L3.

Study Design: Prospective experimental trial.

Content validation of a Critical Appraisal Tool for Reviewing Analgesia Studies (CATRAS) involving subjects incapable of self-reporting pain.

Introduction: This article reports the content validation of a Critical Appraisal Tool designed to Review the quality of Analgesia Studies (CATRAS) involving subjects incapable of self-reporting pain and provide guidance as to the strengths and weakness of findings. The CATRAS quality items encompass 3 domains: level of evidence, methodological soundness, and grading of the pain assessment tool.

Objectives: To validate a critical appraisal tool for reviewing analgesia studies involving subjects incapable of self-reporting pain.

Determination of testosterone esters in the hair of male greyhound dogs using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.

The doping of greyhound dogs with testosterone is done in an attempt to improve their athletic performance, but such doping cannot easily be confirmed, especially in male dogs owing to the natural presence of endogenous testosterone. As testosterone is usually administered as its esters, their direct detection in hair would provide confirmatory evidence of the administration of a pharmaceutical product. This article demonstrates that the use of a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method with heated electrospray ionisation (HESI) combined with the use of amino solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges for sample clean-up, is suitable for the sensitive determination of propionate, phenyl propionate, isocaproate, decanoate, and enanthate esters of testosterone in greyhound hair.

Accidental alfaxalone overdose in a mature cat undergoing anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging.

This case report describes the clinical signs and treatment of an alfaxalone 10 times overdose in a 12-year-old cat undergoing anaesthesia for MRI. The cat was discharged from hospital following a prolonged recovery including obtunded mentation and cardiorespiratory depression for several hours following cessation of anaesthesia. The cat received supportive therapy that included supplemental oxygen via a face mask, intravenous crystalloid fluids and active rewarming.

The bioavailability of medetomidine in eight sheep following oesophageal administration.

There is sound evidence that medetomidine is an effective analgesic for acute pain in sheep. In this study, 15 μg kg(-1) of medetomidine was administered intravenously, and into the oesophagus, in a cross-over study, using eight sheep. Following intravenous administration, medetomidine could be detected in the plasma of these sheep for 120-180 min but following oesophageal administration, medetomidine could not be detected in the plasma of any sheep at any of 17 time points over four days.

Influence of two administration rates of alfaxalone at induction on its relative potency in cats: a pilot study.

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate, in a controlled, randomised, masked clinical trial, the influence of administration rate of alfaxalone at induction on its relative potency in cats and to report the incidence of cardiorespiratory adverse effects. Methods Twelve healthy female domestic cats admitted for ovariohysterectomy were premedicated with buprenorphine 20 µg/kg intramuscularly and alfaxalone 3.0 mg/kg subcutaneously.

A review of the pharmacology and clinical application of alfaxalone in cats.

Alfaxalone-2-hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (alfaxalone-HPCD) was first marketed for veterinary use in Australia in 2001 and has since progressively became available throughout the world, including the USA, where in 2012 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registration was granted. Despite the growing body of published works and increasing global availability of alfaxalone-HPCD, the accumulating evidence for its use in cats has not been thoroughly reviewed. The purpose of this review is: (1) to detail the pharmacokinetic properties of alfaxalone-HPCD in cats; (2) to assess the pharmacodynamic properties of alfaxalone-HPCD, including its cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous system, neuromuscular, hepatic, renal, haematological, blood-biochemical, analgesic and endocrine effects; and (3) to consider the clinical application of alfaxalone-HPCD for sedation, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in cats.

Pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or intravenous infusion of penciclovir.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics of penciclovir in healthy cats following oral administration of famciclovir or IV infusion of penciclovir.

Animals: 6 cats.

Procedures: Cats received famciclovir (40 [n = 3] or 90 [3] mg/kg, PO, once) in a balanced crossover-design study; the alternate dose was administered after a ≥ 2-week washout period.

Dose determination of fondaparinux in healthy cats.

Objective: To establish practical doses and administration frequencies of fondaparinux for cats that would approximate human therapeutic peak and trough plasma anti-factor Xa activities for thromboprophylaxis (TP) and thrombosis treatment (TT) protocols.

Animals: 6 healthy adult purpose-bred cats.

Procedures: Dosage protocols for TP and TT were selected on the basis of a single compartment pharmacokinetic model incorporating data from humans but modified to account for the higher body weight-normalized cardiac output of cats.

The cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of clinical and supraclinical doses of alfaxalone in cats.

Objective: To determine the cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of 0, 5, 15, and 50 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) alfaxalone in hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Alfaxan; Jurox Pty Ltd, Rutherford, NSW, Australia) in cats.

Study Design: Four treatments of alfaxalone were administered in sequential order.

Animals: Eight healthy adult cats (four male; four female) weighing between 3.

Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of clinical and supraclinical doses of alfaxalone in dogs.

Objective: To determine the cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of 2, 6, and 20 mg kg(-1) IV alfaxalone in hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Alfaxan) in dogs.

Study Design: Blinded four-way crossover randomized by dose.

Animals: Eight healthy adult purpose-bred mixed breed dogs (four male, four female) weighing between 12 and 28 kg.

Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone in dogs after an intravenous bolus of Alfaxan-CD RTU.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of alfaxalone in dogs after the intravenous (IV) administration of clinical and supra-clinical doses of a 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) alfaxalone formulation (Alfaxan-CD RTU).

Experimental Design: Prospective two-period crossover design. Animals Eight (four male and four female) young adult healthy Beagle dogs.

In vitro anion transport alterations and apoptosis induced by phenylbutazone in the right dorsal colon of ponies.

Objectives: To study the functional and structural responses of the right dorsal colon (RDC) of ponies to phenylbutazone (PBZ) in vitro at a concentration that could be achieved in vivo.

Animals: 8 adult ponies.

Procedure: Short circuit current and conductance were measured in mucosa from the RDC.