High-fat diet-induced splenic, hepatic, and skeletal muscle architecture damage: cellular and molecular players.

The trend of consuming food high in calories, fat, and sugar with little nutritional value and reduced physical exercise has resulted in an alarming ratio of overweight and obese subjects worldwide. Low-grade chronic inflammation is the key feature of obesity that causes an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines in circulation. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on the architecture of spleen, liver, and skeletal muscle and changes in the expression of hepatic cytokines.

Isolation and Characterization of Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses from Different Avian Species in Pakistan 2016-17.

Avian influenza (AI) virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 continues to cause significant outbreaks among commercial and backyard poultry in Pakistan. Despite this, the characterization of H9N2 viruses in avian hosts other than chickens in Pakistan has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, 12 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses subtype H9N2 were isolated from peacocks ( = 4), ducks ( = 4), pheasants ( = 2), geese ( = 1), and black swans ( = 1) in Pakistan during 2016 and were characterized on the basis of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes.