Sex Diversity in the Emerging United States Arthroplasty Workforce Is Limited.

Background: Sex diversity remains limited in the United States arthroplasty workforce. This study evaluates fellowship program characteristics associated with increased sex diversity in US-based fellowship programs and the pipeline of women trainees before arthroplasty fellowship.

Methods: Demographic data from 233,981 allopathic medical school graduates, 11,364 orthopaedic surgery residents, and 1,501 arthroplasty fellows were analyzed.

Accessibility and Characterization of Parental Leave Policies for Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Training in the United States.

Introduction: This study assesses the accessibility and nature of parental leave policies during orthopaedic surgery residency training after implementation of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (GME) mandate for 6 weeks of paid parental leave effective July of 2022.

Materials And Methods: An audit of orthopaedic surgery residency and affiliated GME websites was conducted to assess the accessibility of parental leave policies during the 2023-2024 academic year. Details on length of leave and nature of renumeration during the leave were recorded.

Multiple markers contribute to risk of progression from normal to mild cognitive impairment.

Objective: To identify a parsimonious set of markers that optimally predicts subsequent clinical progression from normal to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: 250 clinically normal adults (mean age = 73.6 years, SD = 6.

One-Pot Aldol Cascade for the Preparation of Isospiropyrans, Flavylium Salts, and bis-Spiropyrans.

We probed tandem aldol condensations of sixteen -hydroxyacetophenones, carrying electron-withdrawing and -donating groups at positions 4 and 5, using five molar equivalents of SiCl in anhydrous ethanol. Substrates carrying electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) (0 < ∑σ > 0.63) populated the equilibria with isospiropyrans (12-74% yield), while those carrying electron-donating groups (EDGs) (∑σ < -0.

An easily accessible isospiropyran switch.

In the presence of SiCl4, three molecules of 5'-bromo-2'-hydroxyacetophenone underwent an unexpected tandem aldol condensation to give a novel isospiropyran switch (69%), with X-ray crystallography confirming its structure. The strong Brønsted acid CH3SO3H turned the colorless isospiropyran into its protonated and open form possessing red color. This process was reversed using the Et3N base, with the acid/base toggling repeatable for at least six times (UV-Vis).

A Hexavalent Basket for Bottom-Up Construction of Functional Soft Materials and Polyvalent Drugs through a "Click" Reaction.

Inspired by polyvalency and its prevalence in nature, we developed an efficient synthetic route for accessing a large variety of multivalent and dual-cavity baskets from inexpensive and abundant starting materials. First, the cycloaddition of vinyl acetate to anthracene was optimized to, upon hydrolysis, give dibenzobarrelene derivative 6, which after five functional group transformations and then cyclotrimerization gave heptiptycene dodecaester 4 in an overall 17 % yield. Following that, compound 4 was converted into D symmetric 1, composed of two fused cavitands each holding three terminal alkynes at the rim for conjugation to functional molecules using the highly efficient CuAAC reaction.

Connectome-derived diffusion characteristics of the fornix in Alzheimer's disease.

The fornix bundle is a major white matter pathway of the hippocampus. While volume of the hippocampus has been a primary imaging biomarker of Alzheimer's disease progression, recent research has suggested that the volume and microstructural characteristics of the fornix bundle connecting the hippocampus could add relevant information for diagnosing and staging Alzheimer's disease. Using a robust fornix bundle isolation technique in native diffusion space, this study investigated whether diffusion measurements of the fornix differed between normal older adults and Alzheimer's disease patients when controlling for volume measurements.

Global White Matter Diffusion Characteristics Predict Longitudinal Cognitive Change Independently of Amyloid Status in Clinically Normal Older Adults.

White matter degradation has been proposed as one possible explanation for age-related cognitive decline. In the present study, we examined 2 main questions: 1) Do diffusion characteristics predict longitudinal change in cognition independently or synergistically with amyloid status? 2) Are the effects of diffusion characteristics on longitudinal cognitive change tract-specific or global in nature? Cognitive domains of executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed were measured annually (mean follow-up = 3.93 ± 1.

Multivalent and Photoresponsive Assembly of Dual-Cavity Baskets in Water.

Large unilamellar vesicles [1] , composed of bolaamphiphilic baskets 1, were found to complex photoresponsive guest 3 and divalent 4 to, respectively, give stable vesicular assemblies [1 -3] and [1 -4 ] . With the assistance of H NMR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, it was deduced that [1 -3] vesicles comprise ternary [1 -3] organized into a curved membrane in which a pair of baskets entraps a laterally positioned dicationic 3. In the case of [1 -4 ] vesicles, however, the spectroscopic results suggest that three guest molecules 4 insert vertically between four baskets 1 to give pentanary [1 -4 ] packed into the membrane of [1 -4 ] .