The modified lateral supraorbital approach.

Purpose: Lateral supraorbital approach is a simpler and quicker method than pterional approach. It provides a more anterior projection when compared to the pterional approach. There are some minor differences of the modified lateral supraorbital approach when compared to lateral supraorbital approach.

The 'radical combined approach' in cerebral arteriovenous malformation treatment: Technical note.

AVMs are vessel anomalies where a connection between arterial and venous systems is present and the capillary bed is absent between the two. AVMs tend to present with seizures, headaches, focal neurological deficits and hemorrhage. Hemorrhage is the most common form of presentation.

Expression profiling of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), REST corepressor 1 (RCOR1), and Synapsin 1 (SYN1) genes in human gliomas.

Purpose: The repressor element 1 (RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcription factor which represses the expression of neuronal differentiation-related genes including SYN1 gene. CoREST, encoded by RCOR1 gene, binds to the REST protein for remodeling of chromatin structure. Although there is a relation among REST, RCOR1, and SYN1 genes, the role of these genes in glioma tumors is still unclear.

Assessment of genetic markers and glioblastoma stem-like cells in activation of dendritic cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive intraparenchymal primary brain tumor in adults. The principal reasons for the poor outcomes of GBM are the high rates of recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the role of tailored cellular therapy for GBM with a poor prognosis and compare the activity of dendritic cells (DCs) that have encountered GBM cells.

Vancomycin versus linezolid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis.

Background: Vancomycin is the mainstay of treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) meningitis. However, successful outcomes with linezolid have not been reported in a large series of patients. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to compare vancomycin with linezolid in the treatment of MRSA meningitis.

Linezolid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal post-neurosurgical meningitis: a series of 17 cases.

Background: Linezolid is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with good cerebrospinal fluid penetration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of linezolid in methicillin-resistant staphylococcal (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS)) meningitis.

Methods: We extracted data and outcomes for all adult patients (age > 18 y) with culture-proven MRSA or MRCoNS meningitis treated with linezolid between January 2006 and September 2010 in our hospital.

Thrombosis of a drainage vein in developmental venous anomaly (DVA) leading venous infarction: a case report and review of the literature.

Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are common congenital venous drainage anomalies. Although they typically have a benign clinical course and a low symptomatic rate, thrombosis of a drainage vein may occur, leading to potentially debilitating complications. We report imaging findings of posterior fossa DVA with a thrombosed drainage vein in a patient with nonhemorrhagic cerebellar infarct.

Pigmented ependymoma with signet-ring cells and Rosenthal fibers: a rare variant of ependymoma.

We report a rare case of ependymoma with vacuolar features, signet cells, pigmentation and numerous Rosenthal fibers arising in the fourth ventricle of a 35-year-old woman. The tumor was composed of cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles, signet cells and clear cells. The clear cells were compactly arranged resembling oligodendroglioma.

The evaluation of EEG response to photic stimulation in normal and diseased subjects.

In this paper, our aim is to determine two photic stimulation frequencies, which would represent normal and diseased subjects, separately. Following features were extracted for this aim; linear prediction coefficients (LPC), subband wavelet entropy (SWE), subband wavelet variance (SWV), and relative power (RP). After extracting related features, analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was used for the statistical evaluation of these features.

Developmental venous anomaly (DVA) with arterial component: a rare cause of intracranial haemorrhage.

Introduction: To examine the clinical and radiologic findings of patients with developmental venous anomaly (DVA) associated with intracranial haemorrhage but unrelated to cavernoma.

Methods: Computed tomography (CT) was used to obtain intracranial images from seven patients ranging in age from 6 to 51 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then performed on six patients, and two patients were further examined via CT angiography.

Protein S deficiency, epileptic seizures, sagittal sinus thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction after ingestion of dimenhydrinate.

Congenital protein S deficiency is associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. A14-year-old boy presented with epileptic seizures and thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus and frontal hemorrhagic venous infarction after ingestion of 50 mg of dimenhydrinate, an antiemetic drug. The patient was found to be heterozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation and had a functional protein S deficiency.

Microelectrode for in vivo real-time detection of NO.

Nitric oxide (NO) is gaining importance with its diverse spectrum of clinic effects. However, there is still a need for an ideal sensor to monitor its concentration in tissue. An ideal sensor should not interfere with the ongoing physiological process, while making fast, reliable, and repeatable measurements.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the central nervous system--four case reports.

Four rare cases of intracranial intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) manifesting as cranial nerve disturbances occurred in 16-, 18-, 24-, and 28-year-old females. Magnetic resonance imaging showed all lesions as isointense with strong enhancement on T1-weighted images, and as hyperintense on T2-weighted images. All lesions were removed via craniotomies.

Online electrochemical monitoring of nitric oxide during photodynamic therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel treatment modality, is based on the use of a photosensitizing agent with an excitation light source for the treatment of various malignancies. Its effect is mediated through reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), which are shown to be present in apoptosis. Individual differences among patients and even in different areas of the same tumor in one patient may cause a major problem with PDT: dose calculation during application of the light.

Local interstitial chemotherapy with sustained release bucladesine in de novo glioblastoma multiforme: a preliminary study.

This clinical study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the sustained release form of dibutryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (dB-cAMP, bucladesine) placed in the tumor resection cavity at the time of recurrence of the de novo glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. In a randomized prospective manner, 40 patients who were diagnosed as GBM in their first operations were included in this study. Four different therapy protocols were used: First group of 10 patients had tumor resection only.

Comparison of electrochemical detection of acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide release (NO) and contractile force measurement of rabbit isolated carotid artery endothelium.

Since the identification of nitric oxide (NO) as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, it became very important to quantify NO in biological models eventhough it is present in very low concentrations with a very short half-life. The use of electrochemistry as an alternative detection method is quite promising and electrochemical probes are now being developed to detect NO. This paper consists of an amperometric, bi-polymer modified, platinum-iridium microelectrode (Pt 90%-Ir 10% alloy, multistranded, total diameter 130 microm) design and its application for NO detection in acetylcholine (Ach) introduced, rabbit isolated carotid artery endothelium model.