Phase Equilibria and Structure Formation in the Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid/Tetraglycol/Water Ternary System.

This paper concerns a detailed study of the phase separation and structure formation processes that occur in solutions of highly hydrophobic polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) in highly hydrophilic tetraglycol (TG) upon their contact with aqueous media. In the present work, cloud point methodology, high-speed video recording, differential scanning calorimetry, and both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the behavior of PLGA/TG mixtures differing in composition when they are immersed in water (the so-called "harsh" antisolvent) or in a nonsolvent consisting of equal amounts of water and TG (a "soft" antisolvent). The phase diagram of the ternary PLGA/TG/water system was designed and constructed for the first time.

A New Look at the Structure and Thermal Behavior of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Camphor Mixtures.

An experimental quasi-equilibrium phase diagram of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-camphor mixture is constructed using an original optical method. For the first time, it contains a boundary curve that describes the dependence of camphor solubility in the amorphous regions of PVDF on temperature. It is argued that this diagram cannot be considered a full analogue of the eutectic phase diagrams of two low-molar-mass crystalline substances.

Relationship between Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Berries and Leaves of Raspberry Genotypes and Their Genotyping by SSR Markers.

The red raspberry is one of the world's most popular berries. The main direction of its breeding has switched to nutritional quality, and the evaluation of raspberry germplasm for antioxidant content and activity is very important. As berries, raspberry leaves contain valuable bioactive compounds, but the optimal time for their collection is unknown.

Transferability and Polymorphism of SSR Markers Located in Flavonoid Pathway Genes in and Species.

Strawberry () and raspberry () are very popular crops, and improving their nutritional quality and disease resistance are important tasks in their breeding programs that are becoming increasingly based on use of functional DNA markers. We identified 118 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat-SSR) loci in the nucleotide sequences of flavonoid biosynthesis and pathogenesis-related genes and developed 24 SSR markers representing some of these structural and regulatory genes. These markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 48 and specimens, including wild species and rare cultivars, which differ in berry color, ploidy, and origin.