Comparison of the developmental/reproductive toxicity and hepatotoxicity of phthalate esters in rats using an open toxicity data source.

Phthalate esters (PEs) are widely used as plasticizers in various kinds of plastic products. Some PEs have been known to induce developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) as well as hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals. In some cases of DART, the strength of toxicity of PEs depends on the side chain lengths, while the relationship between hepatotoxicity and side chain length is unknown.

Possible Causes of Failing to Meet Primary Endpoints: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Phase 3 Clinical Trials in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and represents a huge unmet medical need. Despite the favorable results of phase 2 clinical trials, many phase 3 clinical trials fail to meet primary endpoints. Therefore, we investigated the causes of failure to meet primary endpoints in phase 3 clinical trials.

In Silico Prediction of Chemical-Induced Hepatocellular Hypertrophy Using Molecular Descriptors.

In silico prediction for toxicity of chemicals is required to reduce cost, time, and animal testing. However, predicting hepatocellular hypertrophy, which often affects the derivation of the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level in repeated dose toxicity studies, is difficult because pathological findings are diverse, mechanisms are largely unknown, and a wide variety of chemical structures exists. Therefore, a method for predicting the hepatocellular hypertrophy of diverse chemicals without complete understanding of their mechanisms is necessary.