Registry study of immune-related adverse events using electronic patient-reported outcome in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: protocol for a multicentre cohort study.

Introduction: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is rapidly expanding in cancer treatment. ICIs have a unique safety profile, characterised by immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The safety profile of ICIs lacks patient experience and perspectives.

Olanzapine treatment effectively relieves breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a real-world experience.

Background: Olanzapine treatment prevents chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). However, its role in the secondary prevention of breakthrough CINV in real-world cancer care should be further evaluated.

Method: We conducted a retrospective study on patients receiving olanzapine to prevent breakthrough CINV refractory to standard antiemetic therapy.

Higher incidence of pegfilgrastim-induced bone pain in younger patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy: a real-world experience.

Background: Pegfilgrastim is widely used for the prevention of febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy for various types of cancer. However, pegfilgrastim-induced bone pain (PIBP) is a relevant adverse event occurring during cancer treatment. Thus, we aimed to determine the risk factors for PIBP in real-world clinical practice.

A novel rituximab administration protocol to minimize infusion-related adverse reactions in patients with B-cell lymphoma.

Background Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) during rituximab administration are occasionally severe and remain problematic in oncology practice. Aim To establish a safer, risk-stratified rituximab protocol for patients with B-cell lymphoma. Method We stratified patients into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups according to the number of risk factors for IRRs, specifically, low-grade histology and bulky tumors (> 10 cm): Then, the administrating schedule of rituximab (375 mg/m, diluted in 1 mg/mL concentration) was individualized.

Effects of Palonosetron on Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Multiple-Day Chemotherapy: A Retrospective Study.

Patients who undergo multiple-day chemotherapy sessions experience hard-to-treat nausea and vomiting. Currently, there is no effective standard treatment for this condition. This study compared the preventive effect of first-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonists (5-HT RAs) and second-generation 5-HT RAs palonosetron in multiple-day chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Bidirectional in vivo structural dendritic spine plasticity revealed by two-photon glutamate uncaging in the mouse neocortex.

Most excitatory synapses in the brain form on dendritic spines. Two-photon uncaging of glutamate is widely utilized to characterize the structural plasticity of dendritic spines in brain slice preparations in vitro. In the present study, glutamate uncaging was used to investigate spine plasticity, for the first time, in vivo.

Optimal timing for pegfilgrastim administration in Japanese breast cancer patients receiving intermediate-risk chemotherapies.

Background Pegfilgrastim is widely used for prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia (FN) in cancer patients receiving chemotherapies. However, the optimal timing of pegfilgrastim administration has not been established. Objective We investigated the effect of the timing of pegfilgrastim administration on the prevention of FN in patients with breast cancer undergoing intermediate-risk chemotherapies.

A clinical prediction model for infusion-related reactions to rituximab in patients with B cell lymphomas.

Background Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) are a major adverse event of rituximab. Objective To develop a prediction model for IRRs to rituximab among patients with B cell non- Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL). Setting A 1000-bed university hospital in Tokyo.

State-dependent diffusion of actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin underlies the enlargement and shrinkage of dendritic spines.

Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites of most excitatory synapses in the brain, and spine enlargement and shrinkage give rise to long-term potentiation and depression of synapses, respectively. Because spine structural plasticity is accompanied by remodeling of actin scaffolds, we hypothesized that the filamentous actin regulatory protein cofilin plays a crucial role in this process. Here we investigated the diffusional properties of cofilin, the actin-severing and depolymerizing actions of which are activated by dephosphorylation.

Single administration of a novel γ-secretase modulator ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in aged C57BL/6J mice.

Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) are known to cause early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proteins comprise the catalytic domain of γ-secretase, which catalyzes the cleavage of β-amyloid (Aβ) from amyloid precursor protein (APP). In recent reports, PS1 and PS2 were linked to the modulation of intracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) dynamics, a key regulator of synaptic function.

[A new role of GABA on synapses].

Neurons connect and transmit information via synapses. The major excitatory and inhibitory (E-I) neurotransmitters are glutamate and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), respectively. The E-I balance plays an important role in various brain functions.

GABA promotes the competitive selection of dendritic spines by controlling local Ca2+ signaling.

Activity-dependent competition of synapses plays a key role in neural organization and is often promoted by GABA; however, its cellular bases are poorly understood. Excitatory synapses of cortical pyramidal neurons are formed on small protrusions known as dendritic spines, which exhibit structural plasticity. We used two-color uncaging of glutamate and GABA in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and found that spine shrinkage and elimination were markedly promoted by the activation of GABAA receptors shortly before action potentials.

Spatial distributions of GABA receptors and local inhibition of Ca2+ transients studied with GABA uncaging in the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.

GABA (γ-amino-butylic acid)-mediated inhibition in the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons was characterized by two-photon uncaging of a caged-GABA compound, BCMACM-GABA, and one-photon uncaging of RuBi-GABA in rat hippocampal slice preparations. Although we found that GABA(A)-mediated currents were diffusely distributed along the dendrites, currents elicited at the branch points of the apical dendritic trunk were approximately two times larger than those elsewhere in the dendrite. We examined the inhibitory action of the GABA-induced currents on Ca(2+) transients evoked with a single back-propagating action potential (bAP) in oblique dendrites.

Ferrearin C induces apoptosis via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction in neuroblastoma.

We investigated the cytotoxicity of six neolignans (1-6), which are similar in structure to furanocyclohexenone with an angular allyl group, in human neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR-32, LA-N-1, NB-39, SK-N-SH) and normal cells [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF)] using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Two neolignans, ferrearin C (1) and 2, showed significant cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells. Typical morphologic features of apoptosis were observed for the ferrearin-type neolignans using Hoechst 33342, and apoptotic cytoplasmic membrane inversion was also induced by ferrearin-type neolignans in IMR-32.

Learning rules and persistence of dendritic spines.

Structural plasticity of dendritic spines underlies learning, memory and cognition in the cerebral cortex. We here summarize fifteen rules of spine structural plasticity, or 'spine learning rules.' Together, they suggest how the spontaneous generation, selection and strengthening (SGSS) of spines represents the physical basis for learning and memory.

Two-photon uncaging of gamma-aminobutyric acid in intact brain tissue.

We have synthesized a photosensitive (or caged) 4-carboxymethoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl (CDNI) derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Two-photon excitation of CDNI-GABA produced rapid activation of GABAergic currents in neurons in brain slices with an axial resolution of approximately 2 mum and enabled high-resolution functional mapping of GABA-A receptors. Two-photon uncaging of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, should allow detailed studies of receptor function and synaptic integration with subcellular precision.