Trans-eyelid distribution of epinastine to the conjunctiva following eyelid application in rabbits.

Purpose: To reveal the penetration of epinastine, an anti-allergic ophthalmic agent, into the eyelid and its distribution to the conjunctiva after administration of a cream formulation on rabbit eyelid skin.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Methods: Rabbits were treated with 0.

Self-association status-dependent inactivation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor Ire1 by C-terminal tagging with artificial peptides.

Upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, eukaryotic cells commonly induce unfolded protein response (UPR), which is triggered, at least partly, by the ER stress sensor Ire1. Upon ER stress, Ire1 is dimerized or forms oligomeric clusters, resulting in the activation of Ire1 as an endoribonuclease. In ER-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, HAC1 mRNA is spliced by Ire1 and then translated into a transcription factor that promotes the UPR.

Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response at High Temperature in .

Ire1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located endoribonuclease that is activated in response to ER stress. In yeast cells, Ire1 promotes mRNA splicing to remove the intron sequence from the u mRNA ("u" stands for "uninduced"). The resulting mRNA, which is named i mRNA ("i" stands for "induced"), is then translated into a transcription factor that is involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR).

SREBP-2 negatively regulates FXR-dependent transcription of FGF19 in human intestinal cells.

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) is a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor that positively regulates transcription of target genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. In the present study, we have investigated a possible involvement of SREBP-2 in human intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, which is an endocrine hormone involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Overexpression of constitutively active SREBP-2 decreased FGF19 mRNA levels in human colon-derived LS174T cells.

Involvement of multiple elements in FXR-mediated transcriptional activation of FGF19.

The intestinal endocrine hormone human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is involved in the regulation of not only hepatic bile acid metabolism but also carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In the present study, bile acid/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) responsiveness in the FGF19 promoter region was investigated by a reporter assay using the human colon carcinoma cell line LS174T. The assay revealed the presence of bile acid/FXR-responsive elements in the 5'-flanking region up to 8.