Panax ginseng natural populations: their past, current state and perspectives.

Aim: The mating system of Panax ginseng, genetics and ontogenetic structure of its natural populations of Primorye (Russia) were investigated.

Methods: Genetic diversity was assessed using allozyme and the fluorescently based automated amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers.

Results: Total genetic diversity at species level is low with allozyme assay (0.