Application of additional anthropometric and functional methods in children undergoing orthodontic treatment using braces.

Background: Occlusal interference causes instability in temporomandibular joint and hyperactivity of mastication muscles which eventually leads to temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Therefore, achieving stable occlusion is important in young patients. It is key factor in optimizing functional occlusion in adulthood.

c-Fos activation and intermale aggression in rats selected for behavior toward humans.

Tame and aggressive rat lines were created during the long-term selection of Norway rats for elimination and enhancement of aggressiveness toward humans, respectively. Our previous experiments have demonstrated that selection for the elimination of defensive aggression toward humans is associated with attenuated intraspecific intermale aggression. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying low and high intermale aggression in the tame and aggressive rats remain unclear.