Aortic Aneurysm with and without Dissection and Concomitant Atherosclerosis-Differences in a Retrospective Study.

Background: Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a latent disease with a high risk of death. Today, as data are accumulating, an estimation of the differences in thoracic aneurysm in men and women of different age groups is required. The present study evaluated the type of atherosclerotic aortic lesions in males and females at different ages regarding the presence or absence of aortic dissection.

Inflammatory Response of Monocytes/Macrophages in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis.

Background: Investigation of the inflammatory response of immune cells is a current focus of research on autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory status of monocytes/macrophages in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods: The study included 35 SSc and 25 healthy participants.

The association of TNF-alpha secretion and mtDNA copy number in CD14 monocytes of patients with obesity and CHD.

Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction may be one of the causes of inflammatory activation of monocytes and macrophages, which leads to excessive secretion of inflammatory mediators and the development of chronic inflammation.

Aims: The study was aimed to evaluate the secretion of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the primary culture of monocytes, and to analyze its relationship with the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies in the blood of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and obesity.

Materials And Methods: 108 patients with obesity and concomitant CHD and a control group of 25 participants were included in the study.

The Relationship between Mitochondrial Genome Mutations in Monocytes and the Development of Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease.

Background: Metabolic disorders, including obesity, are often accompanied by an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Monocytes are the common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The bias of innate cellular immunity towards pro-inflammatory activation stimulates the development of diseases associated with chronic inflammation, in particular metabolic disorders, including obesity, as well as CVDs.

Mechanisms of Myocardial Edema Development in CVD Pathophysiology.

Myocardial edema is the excess accumulation of fluid in the myocardial interstitium or cardiac cells that develops due to changes in capillary permeability, loss of glycocalyx charge, imbalance in lymphatic drainage, or a combination of these factors. Today it is believed that this condition is not only a complication of cardiovascular diseases, but in itself causes aggravation of the disease and increases the risks of adverse outcomes. The study of molecular, genetic, and mechanical changes in the myocardium during edema may contribute to the development of new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Exosomes as a potential therapeutic approach in osteoimmunology.

Exosomes are natural extracellular vesicles that play a key role in inter- and intracellular communication. Currently they are considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. In osteoimmunology, exosomes can serve as biomarkers of bone homeostasis disorders and, at the same time, promising therapeutic agents with high stability in the biological environment, low immunogenicity and good bioavailability.

Effect of 5-aminolevulinic Acid on Mitochondrial Activity.

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, mitochondria are currently being considered as subjects for targeted therapies, particularly, phototherapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid. This study aimed to investigate the activity of mitochondria in cells with different mutation loads.

Mitochondrial DNA copy number in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease of inflammatory origin. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of SSc. Currently mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is used as a surrogate marker of mitochondrial dysfunction.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a widespread systemic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and an imbalance of the microarchitecture of bone tissue. Experimental and clinical studies devoted to investigating the main pathogenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis revealed the important role of estrogen deficiency, inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and epigenetic factors in the development of bone resorption due to osteoclastogenesis, and decreased mineralization of bone tissue and bone formation due to reduced function of osteoblasts caused by apoptosis and age-depended differentiation of osteoblast precursors into adipocytes. The current review was conducted to describe the basic mechanisms of the development of osteoporosis at molecular and cellular levels and to elucidate the most promising therapeutic strategies of pathogenetic therapy of osteoporosis based on articles cited in PubMed up to September 2023.

Macrophages derived from LPS-stimulated monocytes from individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis were characterized by increased pro-inflammatory activity.

Objective: Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation in the vascular wall. Currently the violation of immune tolerance of innate immune cells is considered as a possible mechanism of chronification of inflammation. The aim of this study is to assess the inflammatory activity and tolerance of monocytes and macrophages in subclinical atherosclerosis.

Target and Cell Therapy for Atherosclerosis and CVD.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and, in particular, atherosclerosis, remain the main cause of death in the world today. Unfortunately, in most cases, CVD therapy begins after the onset of clinical symptoms and is aimed at eliminating them. In this regard, early pathogenetic therapy for CVD remains an urgent problem in modern science and healthcare.

Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis at Low Cardiovascular Risk.

Objective: To evaluate the rate of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and clinical significance of immunoinflammatory markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at low cardiovascular risk.

Materials And Methods: The study included 275 RA patients and a control group of 100 participants without autoimmune diseases. All study participants were at low cardiovascular risk, calculated by the QRISK3 scale (<20%), and free of cardiovascular disease.

Activated cholesterol metabolism is integral for innate macrophage responses by amplifying Myd88 signaling.

Recent studies have shown that cellular metabolism is tightly linked to the regulation of immune cells. Here, we show that activation of cholesterol metabolism, involving cholesterol uptake, synthesis, and autophagy/lipophagy, is integral to innate immune responses in macrophages. In particular, cholesterol accumulation within endosomes and lysosomes is a hallmark of the cellular cholesterol dynamics elicited by Toll-like receptor 4 activation and is required for amplification of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) signaling.

The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity.

Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy and appetite modulation; lipid and glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; and hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight the key functions of adipokines in the inflammatory mechanisms of obesity, its complications, and its associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of obesity was conducted online using the PubMed and Scopus databases until October 2022.

The Role of Diet in Regulation of Macrophages Functioning.

The great importance of diet for health and high life-expectancy is established. The impact of nutrients on immune system is a point of growing research interest. Recent studies have found pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of some diet patterns and nutrients that can be used from the bench to the bedside for chronic low-grade inflammatory status correction.

Atheroprotective Effects of L.

Cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis are the major cause of death in developed countries. Early prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis are considered to be an important aspect of the therapy of cardiovascular disease. Preparations based on natural products affect the main pathogenetic steps of atherogenesis, and so represent a perspective for the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis development.

Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications.

The main cause of death in patients with type 2 DM is cardiovascular complications resulting from the progression of atherosclerosis. The pathophysiology of the association between diabetes and its vascular complications is complex and multifactorial and closely related to the toxic effects of hyperglycemia that causes increased generation of reactive oxygen species and promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequent oxidative stress and inflammation are major factors of the progression of type 2 DM and its vascular complications.

Macrophage Dysfunction in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Atherosclerosis.

One of the problems of modern medical science is cardiovascular pathology caused by atherosclerotic vascular lesions in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). The similarity between the mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of ARD and chronic low-grade inflammation in atherosclerosis draws attention. According to modern concepts, chronic inflammation associated with uncontrolled activation of both innate and acquired immunity plays a fundamental role in all stages of ARDs and atherosclerotic processes.

Mitochondrial Implications in Cardiovascular Aging and Diseases: The Specific Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Shifts.

Cardiovascular disease has been, and remains, one of the leading causes of death in the modern world. The elderly are a particularly vulnerable group. The aging of the body is inevitably accompanied by the aging of all its systems, and the cardiovascular system is no exception.

Statin Use in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients and Outcomes: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might affect everyone, but people with comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may often have more severe complications and worse outcomes. Although vaccinations are being performed worldwide, it will take a long time until the entire population of the world is vaccinated. On the other hand, we are witnessing the emergence of new variants of this virus.

The Neuroimmune Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease.

Currently, a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the nervous system, which is considered as microbiota-gut-brain axis, is being actively studied. This axis is believed to be a key mechanism in the formation of somatovisceral functions in the human body. The gut microbiota determines the level of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Atherosclerosis as Mitochondriopathy: Repositioning the Disease to Help Finding New Therapies.

Atherosclerosis is a complex pathology that involves both metabolic dysfunction and chronic inflammatory process. During the last decade, a considerable progress was achieved in describing the pathophysiological features of atherosclerosis and developing approaches that target the abnormal lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation. However, early events in the arterial wall that initiate the disease development still remain obscure.

Autophagy and Mitophagy as Essential Components of Atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the greatest health problems affecting people worldwide. Atherosclerosis, in turn, is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular disease. Due to the high mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases, prevention and treatment at the earliest stages become especially important.

Some Molecular and Cellular Stress Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases and Atherosclerosis.

Chronic stress is a combination of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body to the influence of various adverse stress factors which disrupt its homeostasis, and it is also a corresponding state of the organism's nervous system (or the body in general). We hypothesized that chronic stress may be one of the causes occurence of several molecular and cellular types of stress. We analyzed literary sources and considered most of these types of stress in our review article.