Validation of a Mathematical Procedure for the Cobb Angle Assessment Based on Photogrammetry.

Objective: This prospective study aimed to assess the concurrent validity and diagnostic accuracy of a mathematical procedure for measurement of the spinal inclination angle, analogous to the Cobb angle, by means of photogrammetry.

Methods: Sixty-one subjects (aged 7 to 18 years), male and female, underwent radiographic (Cobb angle) and photogrammetric (DIPA [Digital Image-based Postural Assessment] angle) evaluations. The measurement of spinal inclination angle obtained through photogrammetry followed the Digital Image-Based Postural Assessment software protocol.

Validity and Reliability of Smartphones in Assessing Spinal Kinematics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: Advances in mobile technology have led to the development of smartphones, whose applications present numerous utilities, such as the analysis of human movement based on inertial sensors. The purpose of this review was to investigate validity and reliability of smartphones in assessing the kinematics of the human spine.

Methods: A systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and LILACS databases, as well as manual searches.

Concurrent Validity of Digital Image-based Postural Assessment as a Method for Measuring Thoracic Kyphosis: A Cross-Sectional Study of Healthy Adults.

Objective: To analyze the concurrent validity of the Digital Image-based Postural Assessment (DIPA) method for identifying the magnitude and classification of thoracic kyphosis in adults.

Methodology: On the same day and in the same place, thoracic kyphosis was assessed in 68 adults using 2 methods: the DIPA software protocol and radiography. The DIPA software provided angular values of thoracic kyphosis based on trigonometric relations, while with the radiograph, the curvature was calculated using the Cobb method.

Accuracy of a Radiological Evaluation Method for Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Curvatures Using Spinous Processes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess a radiographic method for spinal curvature evaluation in children, based on spinous processes, and identify its normality limits.

Methods: The sample consisted of 90 radiographic examinations of the spines of children in the sagittal plane. Thoracic and lumbar curvatures were evaluated using angular (apex angle [AA]) and linear (sagittal arrow [SA]) measurements based on the spinous processes.

Development and Validation of Prediction Equations for Spinal Curve Angles Based on Skin Surface Measurements.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop, assess the reliability of, and validate prediction equations that estimate the sagittal curves of the spine from the skin surface.

Methods: Forty digital panoramic radiographs were used to develop the prediction equation, and 59 radiographs were used to assess reliability and validate the equations. For evaluation of the thoracic and lumbar curves, anatomical reference points were marked on the vertebral body, spinous process, and skin surface at the C6, C7, T2, T4, T6, T8, T10, T12, L2, L4, and S2 vertebrae.

Monitoring the prevalence of postural changes in schoolchildren.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify whether postural changes are prevalent with advancing age using a photogrammetric method performing one-year follow-up study. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-eight schoolchildren were evaluated in 2011 and 2012 in this cohort study. The subjects underwent a postural evaluation, which involved palpation of reference anatomic points, placement of reflexive markers over the anatomic points, image acquisition, and point digitalization using the Digital Image-based Postural Assessment evaluation software.

PROPRIOCEPTION, BODY BALANCE AND FUNCTIONALITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ACL RECONSTRUCTION.

Objective: : To evaluate and compare proprioception, body balance and knee functionality of individuals with or without unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods: : Forty individuals were divided in two groups: Experimental group, 20 individuals with ACL reconstruction at six months postoperative, and control group, 20 individuals with no history of lower limb pathologies. In the experimental group, we assessed lower limbs with reconstructed ACL and contralateral limb; in the control group the dominant and the non-dominant lower limbs were assessed.

Photogrammetry as a tool for the postural evaluation of the spine: A systematic review.

Aim: To evaluate the use of photogrammetry and identify the mathematical procedures applied when evaluating spinal posture.

Methods: A systematic search using keywords was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science and Medicine(®) databases. The following inclusion criteria adopted were: (1) the use of photogrammetry as a method to evaluate spinal posture; (2) evaluations of spinal curvature in the sagittal and/or frontal plane; (3) studies published within the last three decades; and (4) written entirely in English.

Validity and reproducibility of the measurements obtained using the flexicurve instrument to evaluate the angles of thoracic and lumbar curvatures of the spine in the sagittal plane.

Objective. to verify the validity and reproducibility of using the flexicurve to measure the angles of the thoracic and lumbar curvatures. Method.

Validating a postural evaluation method developed using a Digital Image-based Postural Assessment (DIPA) software.

Objective: To investigate (1) the accuracy of the palpatory method to identify anatomical points by comparison with the X-ray exams, (2) the validity of classifying spinal posture in the frontal plane using Digital Image-Based Postural Assessment (DIPA) software by comparison with the X-ray exams and (3) the intra and inter-evaluator reproducibility of the DIPA software.

Materials And Methods: The postural assessment and X-ray examination of the spine, both in the frontal plane and standing position, were performed consecutively in 24 subjects. The postural assessment protocol consisted of: (1) palpation and the use of reflective markers containing lead to mark the spinous processes (SP) of the C7, T2, T4, T6, T8, T10, T12, L2, L4 and S2 vertebrae and; (2) acquisition of photographic records.

Validation, repeatability and reproducibility of a noninvasive instrument for measuring thoracic and lumbar curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane.

Background: The need for early identification of postural abnormalities without exposing patients to constant radiation has stimulated the development of instruments aiming to measure the spinal curvatures.

Objective: To verify the validity, repeatability and reproducibility of angular measures of sagittal curvatures of the spine obtained using an adapted arcometer, by comparing them with Cobb angles of the respective curvatures obtained by using X-rays.

Methods: 52 participants were submitted to two procedures designed to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar curvatures: (1) X-ray examination from which the Cobb angles (CA) of both curvatures were obtained, and (2) measuring the angles with the arcometer (AA).