Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 & IL-18) exacerbate the risk of diabetic nephropathy in the Pakistani population.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a micro-chronic diabetic consequence induced by metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities. Free radicals react with other critical cellular components, causing progression of aberrant renal function.

Objective: This case control study was aimed to determine the role of IL-6 and IL-18 in diabetic nephropathy in Pakistani population.

Expression of Gstt1 in Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy Patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic and multifactorial disease in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. In diabetes, the defects in the cellular metabolism result in higher levels of free radicals. These radicals react with other vital cellular molecules, which are responsible in diabetes side effects and known as diabetic retinopathy (DR), a disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision.

Significant association of serum creatinine with HbA1C in impaired glucose tolerant Pakistani subjects.

Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the serum concentration of creatinine and determine its relationship with potential risk factors of diabetes in Impaired Glucose tolerance subjects.

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 100 IGT patients who attended Amin Hayat diabetic center in Lahore from January 2011- June 2011. Patients with age group 34-67 years, (both sexes) were included in the study.

ABO blood group frequency in Ischemic heart disease patients in Pakistani population.

Objectives: To determine if there is any significant association between ABO blood groups and ischemic heart disease (IHD).

Methods: The study was performed at Punjab Institute of Cardiology (PIC), Lahore. Study duration was from January 2012 to September 2012.

Vitamin D levels among pregnant and lactating women.

Objective: To assess the serum level of vitamin D in pregnant and lactating women.

Study Design: Case-control study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Gynaecological Unit 1 of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from December 2010 to May 2011.

Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance is associated with low T₃/T₄ ratio in pre diabetic euthyroid Pakistani subjects.

Objective: To investigate the relationship of thyroid hormones in glucose homeostasis in impaired glucose-tolerant subjects with normal thyroid functions.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis was carried out in (n=260) impaired glucose-tolerant (IGT) and normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects. Thyrotropin (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT₃), total thyroxin (TT₄) free T₃ (fT₃), free T₄ (fT₄), and insulin were assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA).