Unveiling the potential: Extracellular vesicles from plant cell suspension cultures as a promising source.

Extracellular vesicles are secreted by all eukaryotic cells and they have an important role in intercellular signaling. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are a novel area of research that has gained attention due to their potential implications in biomolecule transport and therapeutic applications. PEVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a diverse cargo of biomolecules such as proteins and lipids.

A Perspective on the Characterization of Early Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Delivery to Neuroblastoma Cells.

As an element of the cellular signaling systems, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit many desirable traits for usage as targeted delivery vehicles. When administered, EVs cause little to no toxic or immune response, stay in circulation for longer periods compared to synthetic carriers, preferentially accumulate in tissues that are the same or similar to their cell-of-origin and can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Combined, these traits make neural EVs a particularly promising tool for delivering drugs to the brain.

Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity of Pulp-Capping Materials on DPSCs, With Marker mRNA Expressions.

Objectives: The present study aimed to (1) investigate biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of pulp-capping materials on viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs); (2) determine angiogenic, odontogenic, and osteogenic marker mRNA expressions; and (3) observe changes in surface morphology of the hDPSCs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Methods: Impacted third molars were used to isolate the hDPSCs, which were treated with extract-release fluids of the pulp-capping materials (Harvard BioCal-Cap, NeoPUTTY MTA, TheraCal LC, and Dycal). Effects of the capping materials on cell viability were assessed using 3-(4,5-di-methyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and the apoptotic/necrotic cell ratios and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels from flow cytometry.

Protocol for Testing Human Melanoma Exosomes that Shift the Healthy Phenotype of Human Dermal Cells.

Exosomes are small membrane-derived vesicles that transmit DNA constituents, mRNAs, microRNAs, and proteins from donor cells to a receiver cell. Various cells comprising of mesenchymal, immune, and cancer cells discharge exosomes. Cancer cell exosomes form the entry and reprogramming of essentials connected to a tumor environment.

Endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles induce pro-angiogenic responses in mesenchymal stem cells.

Angiogenesis is a central component of vital biological processes such as wound healing, tissue nourishment, and development. Therefore, angiogenic activities are precisely maintained with secreted factors such as angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As an element of intracellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs)-particularly EVs of vascular origin-could have key functions in maintaining angiogenesis.

Usage of celery root exosome as an immune suppressant; Lipidomic characterization of apium graveolens originated exosomes and its suppressive effect on PMA/ionomycin mediated CD4 T lymphocyte activation.

Diseases such as autoimmune, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases or obesity have a serious impact on the lives of patients all rise from a common point; the immune system. Various in vitro and in vivo studies on regulating the immune system have been made to correct these diseases. As one of the key effector cells of the immune system, T lymphocytes are the focus of many of these studies.

In Vitro Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Recombinant OMP25 Protein Obtained from Endemic Brucella abortus Biovar 3 as Vaccine Candidate Molecule Against Animal Brucellosis.

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes serious economic losses due to factors, such as miscarriages and decreased milk yield in animals. Existing live vaccines have some disadvantages, so effective vaccines need to be developed with new technological approaches.

Objective: The primary objectives of this study were the expression and purification of recombinant Omp25 fusion protein from B.

Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing.

Due to the prevalence of individuals suffering from chronic wounds, developing safe and effective wound care agents are one of the more prominent fields of research in biology. However, wound healing is a complex, multi-stage biological process, involving multiple sequences of biological responses from different types of cells, secreted mediators, and extracellular matrix elements. Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of wounds.

Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate ameliorates lipid accumulation and pathological damage caused by high fat diet induced obesity in BALB/c mice.

Background: Obesity is one of the most popular topic in the field of research. In order to defeat this highly widespread disease, the mechanism of fat accumulation at the molecular level and its elimination are crucial. The use of boron has been showing promising results during the recent years.

The level of two trace elements in carious, non-carious, primary, and permanent teeth.

Purpose: The boron and fluoride mainly accumulate in the bones and teeth of the human body. The purpose of this study is to determine boron or fluoride levels in the whole tooth, to evaluate the correlation between their levels and to compare these levels in primary/permanent, carious, and non-carious groups.

Materials And Methods: The boron and fluoride levels of thirty-six teeth, separated such as primary carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), permanent carious (n=9) and non-carious (n=9), were determined by ICP-MS and ion-selective electrode, respectively.

Effective Scarless Wound Healing Mediated by Erbium Borate Nanoparticles.

The developments of nanoparticle-based treatments that benefit from novel discoveries have an essential place in the regeneration of acute and chronic wounds. Furthermore, research about the treatment methods which attempt to swiftly and scarless wound recovery has increased over time. In recent years, it has been shown that metallic-based nanoparticles, especially silver and gold derived, have an accelerating effect on chronic and contaminated wound healing.

In vitro tooth-shaped scaffold construction by mimicking late bell stage.

Neogenesis of osseous and ligamentous interfacial structures is essential for the regeneration of large oral or craniofacial defects. However, current treatment strategies are inadequate in renewing supporting tissues of teeth after trauma, chronic infections or surgical resection. Combined use of 3D scaffolds with stem cells became a promising treatment option for these injuries.

Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama.

Maintaining integrity of the skin and its appendages still preserves its top-ranking in priorities of survival for the modern human as it probably once did for the ancient individual, -not only- because it is the primary barrier to external assaults, but also because of social and psychological impact of healthy skin during their life-span. Healing wounds in order to shield off the internal organs from infections and damage, restoring its ability to adapt to various environmental stimuli, and slowing-down and reversing aging of the skin in the quest for an everlasting youth can be named as a few of the main drivers behind the multi-million investments dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of skin's physiology. Over the years, these tremendous efforts culminated in the breakthrough discovery of skin stem cells the regenerative capacity of which accounted for the resilience of the skin through their unique capacity as a special cell type that can both self-renew and differentiate into various lineages.

Effect of a novel bioceramic root canal sealer on the angiogenesis-enhancing potential of assorted human odontogenic stem cells compared with principal tricalcium silicate-based cements.

Objective: This study evaluated the angiogenesis-enhancing potential of a tricalcium silicate-based mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot MTA), Biodentine, and a novel bioceramic root canal sealer (Well-Root ST) in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs), and human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs).

Methodology: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium was conditioned for 24 h by exposure to ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, or Well-Root ST specimens (prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions). The cells were cultured in these conditioned media and their viability was assessed with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H tetrazolium (MTS) on days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14.

Optimized Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles From Various Organic Sources Using Aqueous Two-Phase System.

From biomarkers to drug carriers, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are being used successfully in numerous applications. However, while the subject has been steadily rising in popularity, current methods of isolating EVs are lagging behind, incapable of isolating EVs at a high enough quantity or quality while also requiring expensive, specialized equipment. The "isolation problem" is one of the major obstacles in the field of EV research - and even more so for their potential, widespread use for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications.

Boron-rich diet may regulate blood lipid profile and prevent obesity: A non-drug and self-controlled clinical trial.

Background: Boron is an element commonly found in nature. The main boron source for organisms is through food and drinking water. In recent years, it is suggested that the "boron-rich diet" can affect human health positively.

A Novel Approach to Septal Perforation Repair: Septal Cartilage Cells Induce Chondrogenesis of hASCs In Vitro.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium harvested from septal cartilage cells on chondrogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells (hASCs) and to compare/contrast its properties to those of a commonly used standard medium formulation in terms of induction and maintenance of chondrogenic hASCs. Differentiation was carried out under three different conditions: septal cartilage medium-SCM, chondrogenic differentiation medium-CM, and 50:50 mixture of CM/SCM. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) markers were determined by flow cytometry.

A Novel Virtue in Stem Cell Research: Exosomes and Their Role in Differentiation.

In the past decade a number of different stem cell types have entered the clinical applications increasingly as a therapeutic option, due to their tissue maintenance capacity at the site where they localize. Although it was initially thought that conferral of resilience to damaged tissue largely depends on the stem cells themselves through orchestration of signaling among the local epithelial and immune systems at the injury site, recent findings point out that the remarkable regenerative capacity of stem cells is rather due to their nanovesicular products that emerge as the new active players of tissue repair processes. Among these extracellular vesicles exosomes generated particularly by stem cells have been receiving a substantial interest both in the fields of stem cell biology and extracellular vesicles.

Immunomodulatory Behavior of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the treatment of diseases where immunomodulation impacts therapy is increasing steadily. Recent studies aim to achieve effective use of MSCs in treatment of Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD), Crohn's disease and organ transplantations. The molecular mechanisms governing immunomodulatory properties of MSCs have not been fully understood, although current studies are indicating progress.

Suppressive Role of Boron on Adipogenic Differentiation and Fat Deposition in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Over the past years, adipose tissue has become an invaluable source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to development of improved isolation methodologies. In a recent work, our group established a primary culture of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), which were characterized for their stem cell characteristics in detail and studied their myogenic differentiation potential in presence of boron. In the current study, we focused on the effects of a boron-containing compound, sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB), on the adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs.

Boron Content of Some Foods Consumed in Istanbul, Turkey.

The boron content was determined in 42 different foods consumed in Istanbul, Turkey. Eleven species of fruit, ten species of vegetable, eight species of food of animal origin, four species of grain, two species of nuts, two species of legume, and five other kinds of foods were included to this study. They were analyzed by two methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique and carminic acid assay, and the results of two methods were also compared.

Comparison of Cellular Alterations in Fat Cells Harvested With Laser-Assisted Liposuction and Suction-Assisted Liposuction.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the viability and proliferative capacity of adipose-derived stem cells obtained by laser-assisted liposuction (LAL).

Methods: Fat tissue was obtained from 7 male patients treated surgically for gynecomastia. On one side, harvesting was made before LAL, while it was implemented after LAL on the contralateral side.