Semiautomated measures of foveal immaturity from handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography are associated with retinopathy of prematurity severity.

Background/aims: Handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was previously used to measure foveal maturity through semiautomated methods in awake premature infants. This study assesses the relationship between foveal maturity and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity.

Methods: This is a prospective, observational study using handheld SS-OCT imaging of premature infants undergoing ROP screening.

Prevalence of Comprehensive Eye Examination in Preschool Children With Eye Conditions.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of comprehensive eye examinations in multiethnic preschool children, including children with visually significant eye conditions, and identify factors associated with comprehensive eye examinations.

Methods: A sample of 9,197 African American, Hispanic, Asian American, and non-Hispanic White children aged 6-72 months was recruited for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study from 2003 to 2011. Logistic regression performed in 2022 identified independent factors associated with parent-reported history of comprehensive eye examinations.

Anisometropia and Amblyopia Outcomes in Early Versus Late Resolution of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Older Infants.

Purpose: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a known risk factor for amblyopia and anisometropia. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the rate of anisometropia and amblyopia development differed based on the age at CNLDO resolution in older infants.

Methods: This retrospective chart review at a single tertiary children's hospital from 2007 to 2017 compared early versus late spontaneous resolution (cutoff 12 months) and intervention (cutoff 15 months) groups presenting at ≥9 months of age, comparing visual outcomes, including anisometropia (≥1 D of sphere or cylinder) and amblyopia (≥2 levels difference in Teller acuity or optotype testing).

Race, Ethnicity, Insurance, and Population Density Associations with Pediatric Strabismus and Strabismic Amblyopia in the IRIS® Registry.

Purpose: To evaluate the associations of sociodemographic factors with pediatric strabismus diagnosis and outcomes.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) patients with strabismus diagnosed before the age of 10 years.

Multivariate Models to Diagnose Early Referral-Warranted Retinopathy of Prematurity With Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to create multivariate models predicting early referral-warranted retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using non-contact handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and demographic data.

Methods: Between July 2015 and February 2018, infants ≤1500 grams birth weight or ≤30 weeks gestational age from 2 academic neonatal intensive care units were eligible for this study. Infants were excluded if they were too unstable to participate in ophthalmologic examination (2), had inadequate image quality (20), or received prior ROP treatment (2).

Characterizing amblyopic perception under non-rivalrous viewing conditions.

Current assessments of interocular interactions in amblyopia often use rivalrous stimuli, with conflicting stimuli in each eye, which does not reflect vision under typical circumstances. Here we measure interocular interactions in observers with amblyopia, strabismus with equal vision, and controls using a non-rivalrous stimulus. Observers used a joystick to continuously report the perceived binocular contrast of dichoptic grating stimuli, identical except that the stimulus was contrast-modulated independently in each eye over time.

Semi-Automated Analysis of Foveal Maturity in Premature and Full-Term Infants Using Handheld Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: To develop a semi-automated method of measuring foveal maturity using investigational handheld swept source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).

Methods: In this prospective, observational study, full-term newborns and preterm infants undergoing routine retinopathy of prematurity screening were imaged. Semi-automated analysis measured foveal angle and chorioretinal thicknesses at the central fovea and average two-sided parafovea by three-grader consensus, correlating with OCT features and demographics.

Vergence and accommodation responses in the control of intermittent exotropia.

Purpose: Individuals with different types of intermittent exotropia (IXT) may use neurally coupled accommodation and vergence responses differently from those without exotropia to achieve eye alignment. This study examined the relationship between simultaneously recorded accommodation and vergence responses in children and young adults with a range of types of IXT while aligned and deviated.

Methods: Responses of 29 participants with IXT (4-31 years) and 24 age-matched controls were recorded using simultaneous eye-tracking and eccentric photorefraction while they watched a movie in binocular or monocular viewing at varying viewing distances.

Recent Treatment Advances in Amblyopia.

Occlusion therapy has a long history as the gold standard treatment for amblyopia. Over the past two decades, large multicenter randomized controlled trials and objective dose-monitoring studies have characterized the effects of refractive correction, patching, and atropine penalization, providing insights into the impact of factors such as age and treatment dose. More recent approaches, whose development has been accelerated by advances in technology, are designed to provide different stimulation to the amblyopic eye and the fellow eye.

Vitreous opacities in infants born full-term and preterm by handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To compare vitreous opacity density in infants born at term and in infants born prematurely using an investigational handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).

Methods: Infants born at term underwent imaging once between 12 and 48 hours after birth; infants born prematurely were imaged at each routine retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) examination. Three masked, trained graders analyzed images.

Bilateral Pseudo-hypopyon as Presenting Symptom of Acute Monocytic Leukemia in an 8-Month-Old Infant.

A previously healthy 8-month-old female infant presenting with lethargy and bilateral eye redness and cloudiness had bilateral hypopyon uveitis, which persisted despite topical steroids. Cytology of the anterior chamber and cerebrospinal fluid and flow cytometry of cerebrospinal fluid revealed malignant cells consistent with acute monocytic leukemia. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsies showed no evidence of disease.

Dome-shaped macula in premature infants visualized by handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To describe dome-shaped macula and associated clinical findings in premature infants.

Methods: This prospective, observational cohort study included a consecutive sample of premature infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with 9-month follow-up. Handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed at the time of ROP screening.

Cerebral Visual Impairment Characterized by Abnormal Visual Orienting Behavior With Preserved Visual Cortical Activation.

Purpose: Children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) often have abnormal visual orienting behaviors due to impaired or damaged visual cortex. Alternatively, visual-cortical function is intact but visual information is not transformed downstream into an appropriate oculomotor output (visuomotor dysfunction). We examined visual, anatomic, and oculomotor assessments to distinguish visuomotor dysfunction from CVI associated with severely reduced visual-cortical response.

A reduced visual pathway response in infantile nystagmus syndrome.

Purpose: To investigate visual cortical responses in children with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) and the potential contribution of foveation periods.

Methods: The medical records of children with INS who had visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings to reversing checkerboards and onset of horizontal gratings were reviewed retrospectively. VEP recordings underwent objective selective averaging for extraction of brief periods having consistent amplitude and timing with the stimulus presentation.

Missense variants in CTNNB1 can be associated with vitreoretinopathy-Seven new cases of CTNNB1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder including a previously unreported retinal phenotype.

Background: CTNNB1 (MIM 116806) encodes beta-catenin, an adherens junction protein that supports the integrity between layers of epithelial tissue and mediates intercellular signaling. Recently, various heterozygous germline variants in CTNNB1 have been associated with human disease, including neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic diplegia and visual defects (MIM 615075) as well as isolated familial exudative vitreoretinopathy without developmental delays or other organ system involvement (MIM 617572). From over 40 previously reported patients with CTNNB1-related neurodevelopmental disorder, many have had ocular anomalies including strabismus, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

Vitreous Findings by Handheld Spectral-Domain OCT Correlate with Retinopathy of Prematurity Severity.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and vitreous findings in premature infants detected by handheld spectral-domain (SD) OCT.

Design: Prospective, observational cohort study.

Participants: Consecutive sample of 92 premature infants requiring ROP screening at 2 academic neonatal intensive care units between July 2015 and March 2018.

Association of Parental Myopia With Higher Risk of Myopia Among Multiethnic Children Before School Age.

Importance: Parental myopia is an important risk factor for preschool myopia in Asian children. Further investigation of the association between parental myopia and early-onset myopia risk in other racial/ethnic groups, such as African American and Hispanic white children, could improve understanding of the etiology and treatment of this condition.

Objective: To investigate the association of parental myopia with refractive error and ocular biometry in multiethnic children aged 6 to 72 months.

Handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography with angiography in awake premature neonates.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can lead to retinal detachment and severe vision loss and is a common cause of childhood blindness. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging modality that can be used to detect potential abnormalities in the microvasculature in this population. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of a newly developed handheld swept source OCT (SS-OCT) device to successfully acquire structural vitreoretinal and retinal microvascular images in awake premature infants.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Risk Factors of Moderate or High Hyperopia among Multiethnic Children 6 to 72 Months of Age: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Participant Data.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood.

Design: Pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies.

Participants: Six- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases.