Validity and reliability of the Farsi version of the ECOS-16 questionnaire for females with osteoporosis.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Persian version of ECOS-16 Questionnaire and assess its reliability and validity. Two hundred and twenty women with postmenopausal osteoporosis were included in the study. Patients who were diagnosed as secondary osteoporosis by clinical and laboratory examinations were excluded.

Hypothalamic ATP-sensitive K + channels play a key role in sensing hypoglycemia and triggering counterregulatory epinephrine and glucagon responses.

It has been postulated that specialized glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are able to detect falling blood glucose and trigger the release of counterregulatory hormones during hypoglycemia. The molecular mechanisms used by glucose-sensing neurons are uncertain but may involve cell surface ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP) channels) analogous to those of the pancreatic beta-cell. We examined whether the delivery of sulfonylureas directly into the brain to close K(ATP) channels would modulate counterregulatory hormone responses to either brain glucopenia (using intracerebroventricular 5-thioglucose) or systemic hypoglycemia in awake chronically catheterized rats.

Role of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the impairment of counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia.

We have explored the role of individual elements of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis on the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure. Five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Control animals had 3 days of sham treatment followed by a hyperinsulinemic/hypoglycemic glucose clamp on day 4.