Bioenergy-producing two-stage septic tank and floating wetland for onsite wastewater treatment: Circuit connection and external aeration.

This study designed a two-stage, electrode-integrated septic tank-floating wetland system and assessed their pollutant removal performances under variable operational conditions. The two-stage system achieved mean organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, and coliform removal percentages of 99, 78, 99, and 97%, respectively, throughout the experimental run. The mean metals (chromium, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, iron, and manganese) removal percentages ranged between 81 and 98%.

Influence of aeration, plants, electrodes, and pollutant loads on treatment performance of constructed wetlands: A comprehensive study with septage.

This study reports the performance of non-aerated and aerated unplanted, planted, microbial fuel cell planted wetlands for stabilizing septage and treating the drained wastewater. The wetland systems of this study were dosed with septage for a relatively shorter period, i.e.

The race between classical microbial fuel cells, sediment-microbial fuel cells, plant-microbial fuel cells, and constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells: Applications and technology readiness level.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an interesting technology capable of converting the chemical energy stored in organics to electricity. It has raised high hopes among researchers and end users as the world continues to face climate change, water, energy, and land crisis. This review aims to discuss the journey of continuously progressing MFC technology from the lab to the field so far.

Organic media-based two-stage traditional and electrode-integrated tidal flow wetlands to treat landfill leachate: Influence of aeration strategy and plants.

Landfill leachate treatment employing normal and electrode-integrated constructed wetlands is difficult due to the presence of significant amounts of organic compounds, which frequently impede the progression of microbial-based aerobic pollutant removal pathways. As a result, this study examines the effect of supplementary air availability via intermittent and continuous aeration strategies in improving organic, nutrient, and coliform removals of the unplanted, planted (normal and electrode-integrated) two-stage tidal flow constructed wetlands designed to treat landfill leachate. The constructed wetlands were filled with coal and biochar media and planted with Canna indica.

Performance assessment of normal and electrode-assisted floating wetlands: influence of input pollutant loads, surface area, and positioning of anode electrodes.

This study reports the design and development of microbial fuel cell (MFC) assisted floating wetlands and compares treatment removal performance with a normal (without electrodes) floating wetland. Both types of floating wetlands were planted with Phragmites plant and evaluated for real municipal wastewater treatment. The effective volume of each floating wetland was 0.

Development of electrodes integrated hybrid constructed wetlands using organic, construction, and rejected materials as filter media: Landfill leachate treatment.

This study developed microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based hybrid constructed wetland systems using different filter media, i.e., organic (biochar), construction (sand), and rejected (iron particle, concrete particle, and stone dust) materials, and evaluated the performance of the developed systems for treating landfill leachate.

A comparative landfill leachate treatment performance in normal and electrodes integrated hybrid constructed wetlands under unstable pollutant loadings.

This study provides a comparative pollutant removal performance assessment between organic or construction materials-based four hybrid wetland systems that received landfill leachate. The hybrid systems included vertical flow (VF) followed by horizontal flow (HF)-based unplanted and planted systems, and planted electrodes incorporated microbial fuel cell (MFC) integrated hybrid wetlands systems. All the systems were run in free-draining mode.

Intensified constructed wetlands for the treatment of municipal wastewater: experimental investigation and kinetic modelling.

This study reports organics and nutrient removal performances of the intensified constructed wetlands, i.e., tidal flow-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) and tidal flow wetlands that received municipal wastewater.

Pollutant removal from landfill leachate employing two-stage constructed wetland mesocosms: co-treatment with municipal sewage.

Constructed wetlands are low-cost, natural technologies that are often employed for the treatment of different types of wastewater. In this study, landfill leachate and municipal wastewater were co-treated by the three parallel two-stage Phragmites- or Vetiver-based constructed wetland mesocosms. Two-stage wetland mesocosms included vertical flow (VF) units as the first stage, followed by horizontal flow (HF)/surface flow (SF)/floating treatment (FT) units.

Two-stage constructed wetland systems for polluted surface water treatment.

Two pilot scale wetland systems were studied for the removal of organics, nitrogen, phosphorus and coliform from polluted surface water. Each system consisted of two units: a vertical flow (VF) wetland packed with construction materials gravel, brick or organic sugarcane bagasse, followed by a surface flow (SF) or floating treatment (FT) wetland. All wetland units were planted with Phragmites.

Organics and nutrients removal in vertical flow wetlands: loading fluctuation and alternative media.

Two wetland systems (conventional and structurally modified) were studied for the removal of organics and nutrients from municipal wastewater. Each system consisted of three vertical flow (VF) wetlands, which were filled with agricultural, construction waste materials and planted with and The wetland units were operated under constant and consecutive shock hydraulic load (HL). Input nutrients and organics load across the wetland units ranged between 4.

The use of biochar and crushed mortar in treatment wetlands to enhance the removal of nutrients from sewage.

An experimental study was carried out using in pilot-scale constructed wetland systems, operated in parallel to treat raw sewage. Each system consisted of a vertical flow (VF) unit that was filled with biochar as the main media, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) unit filled with crushed cement mortar. Hydraulic loading (HL) ranged 340-680 mm/day was applied on the VF wetland units, where high total nitrogen (TN) mass removal rate (20-23 g N/m d) was obtained, demonstrating that biochar media had a beneficial effect on the degradation of nitrogenous pollutants.

Content Validity of a Tool Measuring Medication Errors.

The objective of this study was to determine content and face validity of a tool measuring medication errors among nursing students in baccalaureate nursing education. Data was collected from the Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery (AKUSoNaM), Karachi, from March to August 2014. The tool was developed utilizing literature and the expertise of the team members, expert in different areas.

Water quantity and quality assessment on a tertiary treatment wetland in a tropical climate.

This study aimed to assess the quantity and quality of water in a surface flow constructed wetland in Australia's far north Queensland. Owing to tropical climate in the region, the wetland provided dual functions: retention of a treated wastewater for zero discharge during the dry season and tertiary treatment prior to discharge during the wet season. Rainfall data, permeability of wetland soil, evaporation, inflow and outflow were analysed in a water balance analysis; the results showed that based on a 72-year-average rainfall pattern, daily wastewater inflow of 85 m(3)/d is the maximum this wetland can cope with without breaching its discharge certificate.

Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands.

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units (of the hybrid system) included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation.

A lab-scale study of constructed wetlands with sugarcane bagasse and sand media for the treatment of textile wastewater.

This paper reports the pollutant removal efficiencies of two lab-scale hybrid wetland systems treating a textile wastewater. The two systems had identical configurations, each consisting of a vertical flow (VF) and a horizontal flow (HF) wetland that were filled with organic sugarcane bagasse and sylhet sand as the main media. The systems were operated under high hydraulic loading (HL) (566-5660 mm/d), and inorganic nitrogen (254-508 gN/m(2) d) and organics loadings (9840-19680 g COD/m(2) d and 2154-4307 g BOD(5)/m(2) d).

A review on nitrogen and organics removal mechanisms in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: dependency on environmental parameters, operating conditions and supporting media.

With the unique advantages of lower operational and maintenance cost, the applications of subsurface flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of wastewater have been increasing rapidly throughout the world. The removal of nitrogen and organics by such systems has gained substantial attention in recent years. In subsurface flow wetlands, the removal of pollutants often relies on a diverse range of co-existing physical, chemical and biological routes, which are vitally dependent on numerous environmental and operational parameters.

Development of students' critical thinking: the educators' ability to use questioning skills in the baccalaureate programmes in nursing in Pakistan.

Objective: To enhance the Critical Thinking skills of educators associated with the nursing baccalaureate programmes in Pakistan. By focusing on the type and level of questions asked by the educators.

Methods: Ninety-one faculty members from 14 out of 17 schools participated in the study.

Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh.

This paper reports the pollutant removal performances of a hybrid wetland system in Bangladesh for the treatment of a tannery wastewater. The system consisted of three treatment stages: a subsurface vertical flow (VF) wetland, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) and a VF wetland. The wetlands were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), but employed different media, including organic coco-peat, cupola slag and pea gravel.

Kinetic modelling of nitrogen and organics removal in vertical and horizontal flow wetlands.

This paper provides a comparative evaluation of the kinetic models that were developed to describe the biodegradation of nitrogen and organics removal in wetland systems. Reaction kinetics that were considered in the model development included first order kinetics, Monod and multiple Monod kinetics; these kinetics were combined with continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) or plug flow pattern to produce equations to link inlet and outlet concentrations of each key pollutants across a single wetland. Using three statistical parameters, a critical evaluation of five potential models was made for vertical and horizontal flow wetlands.

The removal of nitrogen and organics in vertical flow wetland reactors: predictive models.

Three kinetic models, for predicting the removal of nitrogen and organics in vertical flow wetlands, have been developed and evaluated. These models were established by combining first-order, Monod and multiple Monod kinetics with continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) flow pattern. Critical evaluations of these models using three statistical parameters, coefficient of determination, relative root mean square error and model efficiency, indicated that when the Monod/multiple Monod kinetics was combined with CSTR flow pattern it allowed close match between theoretical prediction and experiment data of nitrogen and organics removal.

Enhanced denitrification and organics removal in hybrid wetland columns: comparative experiments.

This study investigated three lab-scale hybrid wetland systems with traditional (gravel) and alternative substrates (wood mulch and zeolite) for removing organic, inorganic pollutants and coliforms from a synthetic wastewater, in order to investigate the efficiency of alternative substrates, and monitor the stability of system performance. The hybrid systems were operated under controlled variations of hydraulic load (q, 0.3-0.

Household water treatment using sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets: a randomized, controlled trial to assess microbiological effectiveness in Bangladesh.

We assessed the microbiologic effectiveness of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) tablets used on a routine basis at the household level by a vulnerable population. In a 4-month trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh, one half of the 100 participating households received NaDCC tablets and instructions on how to use the same; the other one half received a placebo and the same instructions. Monthly samples of stored drinking water from intervention households were significantly lower in thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) than those of control households (geometric mean, 2.