Minimal Variation in Functional Connectivity in Relation to Daily Affect.

Reported associations between functional connectivity and affective disorder symptoms are minimally reproducible, which can partially be attributed to difficulty capturing highly variable clinical symptoms in cross-sectional study designs. "Dense sampling" protocols, where participants are sampled across multiple sessions, can overcome this limitation by studying associations between functional connectivity and variable clinical states. Here, we characterized effect sizes for the association between functional connectivity and time-varying positive and negative daily affect in a nonclinical cohort.

Development of human visual cortical function: A scoping review of task- and naturalistic-fMRI studies through the interactive specialization and maturational frameworks.

Overarching theories such as the interactive specialization and maturational frameworks have been proposed to describe human functional brain development. However, these frameworks have not yet been systematically examined across the fMRI literature. Visual processing is one of the most well-studied fields in neuroimaging, and research in this area has recently expanded to include naturalistic paradigms that facilitate study in younger age ranges, allowing for an in-depth critical appraisal of these frameworks across childhood.

How do tasks impact the reliability of fMRI functional connectivity?

While there is growing interest in the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging-functional connectivity (fMRI-FC) for biomarker research, low measurement reliability of conventional acquisitions may limit applications. Factors known to impact FC reliability include scan length, head motion, signal properties, such as temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR), and the acquisition state or task. As tasks impact signal in a region-wise fashion, they likely impact FC reliability differently across the brain, making task an important decision in study design.

Functional MRI responses to naturalistic stimuli are increasingly typical across early childhood.

While findings show that throughout development, there are child- and age-specific patterns of brain functioning, there is also evidence for significantly greater inter-individual response variability in young children relative to adults. It is currently unclear whether this increase in functional "typicality" (i.e.

Functional connectomes become more longitudinally self-stable, but not more distinct from others, across early childhood.

Functional connectomes, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are highly individualized, and evidence suggests this individualization may increase across childhood. A connectome can become more individualized either by increasing self-stability or decreasing between-subject-similarity. Here we used a longitudinal early childhood dataset to investigate age associations with connectome self-stability, between-subject-similarity, and developmental individualization, defined as an individual's self-stability across a 12-month interval relative to their between-subject-similarity.

Inattentive and hyperactive traits differentially associate with interindividual functional synchrony during video viewing in young children without ADHD.

Inattention and hyperactivity present on a spectrum and may influence the way children perceive and interact with the world. We investigated whether normative variation in inattentive and hyperactive traits was associated with differences in brain function, while children watched clips from an age-appropriate television program. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and parent reports of inattention and hyperactivity traits were collected from 81 children 4-7 years of age with no parent-reported diagnoses.

Benchmarking common preprocessing strategies in early childhood functional connectivity and intersubject correlation fMRI.

Preprocessing choices present a particular challenge for researchers working with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from young children. Steps which have been shown to be important for mitigating head motion, such as censoring and global signal regression (GSR), remain controversial, and benchmarking studies comparing preprocessing pipelines have been conducted using resting data from older participants who tend to move less than young children. Here, we conducted benchmarking of fMRI preprocessing steps in a population with high head-motion, children aged 4-8 years, leveraging a unique longitudinal, passive viewing fMRI dataset.

Videogame exposure positively associates with selective attention in a cross-sectional sample of young children.

There is growing interest in how exposure to videogames is associated with young children's development. While videogames may displace time from developmentally important activities and have been related to lower reading skills, work in older children and adolescents has suggested that experience with attention-demanding/fast-reaction games positively associates with attention and visuomotor skills. In the current study, we assessed 154 children aged 4-7 years (77 male; mean age 5.

The management of proximal rectus femoris avulsion injuries.

Injuries to the quadriceps muscle group are commonly seen in sporting activities that involve repetitive kicking and high-speed sprinting, including football (soccer), rugby and athletics.The proximal rectus femoris is prone to avulsion injuries as rapid eccentric muscle contraction leads to asynchronous muscle activation and different force vectors through the straight and reflected heads.Risk factors for injury include previous rectus femoris muscle or hamstring injury, reduced flexibility of the quadriceps complex, injury to the dominant leg, and dry field playing conditions.

Maturation and interhemispheric asymmetry in neurite density and orientation dispersion in early childhood.

Background: The brain's white matter undergoes profound changes during early childhood, which are believed to underlie the rapid development of cognitive and behavioral skills during this period. Neurite density, and complexity of axonal projections, have been shown to change across the life span, though changes during early childhood are poorly characterized. Here, we utilize neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) to investigate maturational changes in tract-wise neurite density index (NDI) and orientation dispersion index (ODI) during early childhood.

Reverse shoulder replacement: a day-case procedure.

Background And Hypothesis: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is an increasingly popular treatment modality for glenohumeral joint arthritis in association with rotator cuff arthropathy. A prolonged hospital stay following joint arthroplasty risks increased complications for patients plus financial implications for institutions. We hypothesized that RSA could be safely and effectively carried out as an outpatient procedure with reduced risks to patients and institutional costs.

Reconstruction of failed acetabular component in the presence of severe acetabular bone loss: a systematic review.

Acetabular revision especially in the presence of severe bone loss is challenging. There is a paucity of literature critiquing contemporary techniques of revision acetabular reconstruction and their outcomes. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature and to report clinical outcomes and survival of contemporary acetabular revision arthroplasty techniques (tantalum metal shells, uncemented revision jumbo shells, reinforced cages and rings, oblong shells and custom-made triflange constructs).

Biofilm and the Role of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infections.

An increasing demand for lower limb arthroplasty will lead to a proportionate increase in the need for revision surgery. A notable proportion of revision surgery is secondary to periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Diagnosing and eradicating PJI can form a very difficult challenge.

Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infections and the Economic Burden.

Periprosthetic Joint infection (PJI) following hip and knee replacements is an important complication causing major concern for patients, operating surgeons and healthcare systems. Therefore, a standardized definition of PJI is required to improve communication and allow for valid comparisons of various diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review summarizes the most commonly used definitions for PJI and the current consensus.

Successful return to high-level sports following early surgical repair of combined adductor complex and rectus abdominis avulsion.

Hip and groin injuries are common in athletes who take part in high level sports. Adductor muscle tendon injuries represent a small but important number of these injuries. Avulsion of the tendons attached to the symphysis pubis has previously been described: these can be managed both operatively and non-operatively.

A radiological sign in chronic collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint.

Background: Differentiating chronic from acute injuries of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) of the thumb can be difficult in the absence of a conclusive history and examination. We aimed to establish the presence of a radiological sign in patients with a chronic injury and the reliability of the sign in differentiating chronic from acute ligament injury.

Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for chronic (n = 14) or acute (n = 8) ligament injury of the MCPJ of the thumb were identified retrospectively.

'Goose bumps' as presenting feature of intraventricular glioblastoma multiforme.

'Goose-bumps' seizures are rare manifestations of epilepsy. They are rarely reported by patients and can be easily dismissed by clinicians. Clinically, it carries some diagnostic localising value especially with unilateral onset.

Qualitative grading of severity of lumbar spinal stenosis based on the morphology of the dural sac on magnetic resonance images.

Study Design: Retrospective radiologic study on a prospective patient cohort.

Objective: To devise a qualitative grading of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), study its reliability and clinical relevance.

Summary Of Background Data: Radiologic stenosis is assessed commonly by measuring dural sac cross-sectional area (DSCA).

How people decide to seek health care: a qualitative study.

Background: There is considerable variation in service use, with overuse in conditions such as upper respiratory tract infections and high levels of unmet need in older patients with embarrassing conditions such as incontinence. The reasons for this situation are varied but to facilitate appropriate accessing of services the decision processes involved in help-seeking require greater understanding.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the decision making process for help-seeking in middle and older aged people with urinary storage symptoms.

Clinical guidelines online: do they improve compliance?

Background: The introduction of intranet services in a district general hospital provided an opportunity to put evidence based national guidelines online to facilitate access and promote application of best practice in acute medical care. This study evaluated the effectiveness of this approach.

Method: Local guidelines were made available online at ward terminals after they had been distributed in paper form.

Practical issues in wave-front sensing by use of phase diversity.

We present the results of the phase-diversity algorithm applied to simulated and laboratory data. We show that the exact amount of defocus distance does not need to be known exactly for the phase-diversity algorithm on extended scene imaging. We determine, through computer simulation, the optimum diversity distance for various scene types.

Barriers to help seeking in people with urinary symptoms.

Background: Urinary incontinence is a common problem but, for those experiencing significant clinical symptoms, help seeking has been reported to be as low as 20%. As many of these people could be helped by simple interventions, there is a clear need to identify barriers to help seeking and develop interventions to overcome these barriers.

Objectives: This study explores help-seeking behaviour in people with urinary symptoms such as leakage, frequency, nocturia and urgency in order to identify barriers to service use.