Effects of A1 Milk, A2 Milk and the Opioid-like Peptide β-Casomorphin-7 on the Proliferation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Special attention is given to cow's milk and its variants, with ongoing discussions about health-related impacts primarily focusing on the A1 variant in contrast to the A2 variant. The difference between these variants lies in a single amino acid alteration at position 67 of β-casein. This alteration is presumed to make the A1 variant more susceptible to enzymatic breakdown during milk digestion, leading to an increased release of the peptide β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7).

Design and Evaluation of TIM-3-CD28 Checkpoint Fusion Proteins to Improve Anti-CD19 CAR T-Cell Function.

Therapeutic targeting of inhibitory checkpoint molecules in combination with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is currently investigated in a variety of clinical studies for treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. However, the impact of co-inhibitory axes and their therapeutic implication remains understudied for the majority of acute leukemias due to their low immunogenicity/mutational load. The inhibitory exhaustion molecule TIM-3 is an important marker for the interaction of T cells with leukemic cells.

Impact of NKT Cells and LFA-1 on Liver Regeneration under Subseptic Conditions.

Background: Activation of the immune system in terms of subseptic conditions during liver regeneration is of paramount clinical importance. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms and their mediators that control hepatocyte proliferation. We sought to determine the functional role of immune cells, especially NKT cells, in response to partial hepatectomy (PH), and to uncover the impact of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) on liver regeneration in a subseptic setting.

Targeted positron emission tomography imaging of CXCR4 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia originates from leukemia-initiating cells that reside in the protective bone marrow niche. CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction is crucially involved in recruitment and retention of leukemia-initiating cells within this niche. Various drugs targeting this pathway have entered clinical trials.

Amphisomal route of MHC class I cross-presentation in bacteria-infected dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first professional APCs encountered by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia during infection. Using an established mouse bone marrow-derived DC line, we show that DCs control chlamydial infection in multiple small inclusions characterized by restricted bacterial growth, impaired cytosolic export of the virulence factor chlamydial protease-like activity factor, and interaction with guanylate-binding protein 1, a host cell factor involved in the initiation of autophagy. During maturation of infected DCs, chlamydial inclusions disintegrate, likely because they lack chlamydial protease-like activity factor-mediated protection.

Identification of key amino acid residues that determine the ability of high risk HPV16-E7 to dysregulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression.

High risk human Papillomavirus (HPV) types are the major causative agents of cervical cancer. Reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) on HPV-infected cells might be responsible for insufficient T cell response and contribute to HPV-associated malignancy. The viral gene product required for subversion of MHC I synthesis is the E7 oncoprotein.