Blood DNA virome associates with autoimmune diseases and COVID-19.

Aberrant immune responses to viral pathogens contribute to pathogenesis, but our understanding of pathological immune responses caused by viruses within the human virome, especially at a population scale, remains limited. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing datasets of 6,321 Japanese individuals, including patients with autoimmune diseases (psoriasis vulgaris, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) or multiple sclerosis) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), or healthy controls. We systematically quantified two constituents of the blood DNA virome, endogenous HHV-6 (eHHV-6) and anellovirus.

Prognostic value of a composite physiologic index developed by adding bronchial and hyperlucent volumes quantified via artificial intelligence technology.

Background: The composite physiologic index (CPI) was developed to estimate the extent of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients based on pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The CALIPER-revised version of the CPI (CALIPER-CPI) was also developed to estimate the volume fraction of ILD measured by CALIPER, an automated quantitative CT postprocessing software. Recently, artificial intelligence-based quantitative CT image analysis software (AIQCT), which can be used to quantify the bronchial volume separately from the ILD volume, was developed and validated in IPF.

Sex differences among sleep disordered breathing, obesity, and metabolic comorbidities; the Nagahama study.

Background: Although sex differences in the prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is recognized, whether a sex difference exists among obese individuals with SDB with or without comorbidities has not been well investigated. This study aimed to explore the relationships of sex differences among SDB, obesity, and metabolic comorbidities.

Methods: This study evaluated 7713 community participants with nocturnal oximetry ≥2 nights.

Computed tomography morphological assessments of central airways in interstitial lung abnormalities and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Little is known about whether central airway morphological changes beyond traction bronchiectasis develop and affect clinical outcomes in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study aimed to compare central airway structure comprehensively between patients with IPF, subjects with interstitial lung abnormality (ILA), and those without ILA (control) using computed tomography (CT). We further examined the prognostic impact of IPF-specific CT airway parameters in patients with IPF.

Anti-interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 antibodies: Identification of a novel autoantigen in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and its clinical characteristics based on a multicenter cohort study.

Autoantibodies are detected in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) without a clear connective tissue disease diagnosis, and their clinical significance is unclear. This study aimed to identify a novel autoantibody in IIPs. We screened 295 IIP patients using a S-methionine labeled protein immunoprecipitation assay.

Subjective symptoms are triggers for the detection of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease and associate with disease severity: a single-center retrospective study.

Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most common fatal immune-related adverse events (irAEs). ILD development adversely affects the continuation of anticancer drug therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and prognosis. There are no established useful clinical indicators for the early detection of ILD.

Quantitative analysis of interstitial lung abnormalities on computed tomography to predict symptomatic radiation pneumonitis after lung stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Background And Purpose: Symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (SRP) is a complication of thoracic stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). As visual assessments pose limitations, artificial intelligence-based quantitative computed tomography image analysis software (AIQCT) may help predict SRP risk. We aimed to evaluate high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images with AIQCT to develop a predictive model for SRP.

A ciliated adenocarcinoma of the lung mimicking lung abscess and pneumonia.

This case report describes a 78-year-old man initially treated for pneumonia and lung abscess who was resistant to antimicrobial treatment and was eventually diagnosed with ciliated adenocarcinoma. Ciliated adenocarcinoma, a rare non-terminal respiratory unit (TRU)-type lung adenocarcinoma, presents a unique diagnostic challenge because of its similarity to pneumonia and lung abscesses. Morphologically, the ciliated adenocarcinoma in this case appeared to be a non-TRU type adenocarcinoma, with partial mucous epithelium, no visible extracellular mucus, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1 negativity, and mucin (MUC) 5AC positivity on immunostaining.

Single-centre observational study of the safety and efficacy of thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia for the management of thoracic infections.

Objectives: Thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia is widely performed to diagnose malignancies and infectious diseases. However, few reports have described the use of this procedure for diagnosing and treating intrathoracic infections. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thoracoscopy under local anaesthesia for the management of intrathoracic infections.

Longitudinal assessment of interstitial lung abnormalities on CT in patients with COPD using artificial intelligence-based segmentation: a prospective observational study.

Background: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) on CT may affect the clinical outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but their quantification remains unestablished. This study examined whether artificial intelligence (AI)-based segmentation could be applied to identify ILAs using two COPD cohorts.

Methods: ILAs were diagnosed visually based on the Fleischner Society definition.

Anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibodies showing the discrepancy between enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RNA-immunoprecipitation.

Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) antibodies are myositis-specific antibodies associated with anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD). Some patients are positive for anti-ARS antibodies on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but negative on RNA-immunoprecipitation (RNA-IP) (the gold standard method). Whether these patients should be considered truly positive for anti-ARS antibodies remains unclear.

Variation in information needs of patients with interstitial lung disease and their family caregivers according to long-term oxygen therapy: a descriptive study.

Background: The information needs of patients and their families regarding interstitial lung disease (ILD) have yet to be studied in detail, and few reports have examined the differences in information needs according to patient status. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences in information needs between outpatients with ILD and their family caregivers and whether these differences depend on long-term oxygen therapy use.

Methods: Patients with fibrotic ILDs and their families who visited Kyoto University Hospital between February 2020 and March 2022 were recruited for this descriptive study.

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Lung Transplant Recipients by Chest Computed Tomography.

Introduction: Lung transplantation (LT) recipients are at risk of bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Pre- and post-LT BMD loss has been reported in some cross-sectional studies; however, there are limited studies regarding the serial BMD change in LT recipients. The aim of this study was to investigate the serial BMD changes and the clinical characteristics associated with BMD decline.

One-year lung function decline in sarcoidosis.

Background: The definition of progressive pulmonary fibrosis is based on a 1-year lung function decline.

Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiology and clinical relevance of 1-year lung function decline in sarcoidosis.

Methods: A retrospective observational study at a general sarcoidosis clinic.

Associations between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Serum Uric Acid and Their Sex Differences: The Nagahama Study.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is often accompanied by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including gout. However, the association between serum uric acid (sUA) levels and NCDs is complicated in patients with SDB. We aimed to clarify this issue utilizing large-scale epidemiological data.

Resolution of Eosinophilic Pneumonia after Coronavirus Disease 2019 without Systemic Corticosteroids.

Pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been major public health concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although post-COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations cover a wide spectrum, eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) has rarely been reported. To date, only four cases of EP potentially triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been reported, all of which required systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Hyperfructosemia in sleep disordered breathing: metabolome analysis of Nagahama study.

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB), mainly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), constitutes a major health problem due to the large number of patients. Intermittent hypoxia caused by SDB induces alterations in metabolic function. Nevertheless, metabolites characteristic for SDB are largely unknown.

Prognosis of patients with systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease on the lung transplant waiting list: a retrospective study.

Advanced systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) can be treated with lung transplantation. There is limited data on lung transplantation outcomes in patients with SSc-ILD, in non-Western populations.We assessed survival data of patients with SSc-ILD, on the lung transplant (LT) waiting list, and evaluated post-transplant outcomes in patients from an Asian LT center.

Outcome and growth of lobar graft after pediatric living-donor lobar lung transplantation.

Background: Living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) remains a life-saving option for pediatric patients with respiratory failure. However, the long-term survival and post-transplant quality of adult lobar grafts transplanted into children are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of pediatric LDLLT and post-transplant graft growth.

Sleep disordered breathing and haemoglobin A1c levels within or over normal range and ageing or sex differences: the Nagahama study.

Recently an association between blood glucose dysregulation and sleep disruption was suggested. The association between sleep disordered breathing, most of which is due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the general population, and diabetic severity, as well as the impact of antidiabetic treatment, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate these associations as well as age and sex differences.

Infected lung bulla caused by : A case report.

is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is part of the normal oral bacterial flora. Although previously considered a non- or low-pathogenic organism, the development of bacterial detection methods has resulted in increased reports of infections such that it has recently been recognized as a causative agent of serious infections even in non-immune-compromised patients. A 77-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus was diagnosed with a nodule in the left lower lobe of his lung.