Race and Ethnicity, Gender, and Promotion of Physicians in Academic Medicine.

Importance: The ranks of academic physicians do not reflect the diversity of the US population. To create a diverse and effective medical workforce, it is important to know the extent to which gender, race and ethnicity, and the intersection of these factors are associated with career advancement.

Objective: To assess whether race and ethnicity and gender are associated with appointment to or promotion within academic medicine.

Race, Gender, and Faculty Retention in Academic Medicine.

Importance: Poor retention may be associated with lack of faculty diversity in academic medicine.

Objective: To examine differences in faculty retention by gender, degree type, and race and ethnicity using data from US medical schools.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study analyzed data from 155 medical schools for 1978 to 2021, which were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges.

The Effects of Opt-out vs Opt-in Tobacco Treatment on Engagement, Cessation, and Costs: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Tobacco use causes 7 million deaths per year; most national guidelines require people who use tobacco to opt in to care by affirming they are willing to quit. Use of medications and counseling is low even in advanced economy countries.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of opt-out care vs opt-in care for people who use tobacco.

Translating pediatric primary care best practice guidelines for addressing tobacco in the WIC system.

Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) adversely affects child health. Intervention research on reducing childhood TSE and uptake of evidence-based smoking cessation programs has had limited reach in high-risk communities. Intervening in clinics delivering the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) could address overlapping public health priorities essential for healthy child development-nutrition and smoke-free environments.

Quitting Smoking before and after Pregnancy: Study Methods and Baseline Data from a Prospective Cohort Study.

Smoking during pregnancy and postpartum remains an important public health problem. No known prior study has prospectively examined mutual changes in risk factors and women's smoking trajectory across pregnancy and postpartum. The objective of this study was to report methods used to implement a prospective cohort (Msgs4Moms), present participant baseline characteristics, and compare our sample characteristics to pregnant women from national birth record data.

Use of pre-enrollment randomization and delayed consent to maximize participation in a clinical trial of opt-in versus opt-out tobacco treatment.

Enrollment in smoking cessation trials remain sub-optimal. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effectiveness of a modified Zelen's design in engaging hospitalized patients who smoke in a pragmatic versus tobacco treatment trial. At bedside, clinical staff screened smokers for eligibility, randomized eligible into study arms, and delivered the appropriate treatment approach.

The impact of COVID-19 on income and employment and willingness to become vaccinated among African Americans enrolled in a smoking cessation randomized trial.

Given vulnerability to COVID-19 among smokers and vaccine hesitancy among populations disproportionately burdened with COVID-19, it's important to understand concerns about vaccines and the impact of COVID-19 on these subgroups. Among our all African American (AA) sample of smokers (N = 172) enrolled in alargersmoking cessation clinical trial, results demonstrated an intensive burden from COVID-19; 42 (24.4%) lost employment, 56 (32.

The effect of area-level disadvantage and race on smoking abstinence in a clinical trial.

Reasons for Black-White disparities in smoking abstinence are not well understood. This study examined area-level socioeconomic disadvantage as a contributor to lower quit rates for Blacks who smoke among 223 Black and 221 White low-income individuals who smoke enrolled in a smoking cessation trial. Outcome was cotinine-verified abstinence at week 26.

The Role of Neighborhood Experiences in Psychological Distress among African American and White Smokers.

Residential area characteristics and discrimination have been associated with psychological distress. Differences in these relationships across racial groups are not well understood. We examined the relative role of perceived discrimination, neighborhood problems and neighborhood cohesion/trust in explaining differences in psychological distress (indicated by anxiety and depressive symptoms) between 224 African American and 225 White smokers (income ≤ 400% federal poverty level) in a smoking cessation intervention study.

Use of implementation science in tobacco control intervention studies in the USA between 2000 and 2020: a scoping review protocol.

Introduction: Despite continuing efforts to reduce tobacco use in the USA, decline in smoking rates have stalled and smoking remains a major contributor to preventable death. Implementation science could potentially improve uptake and impact of evidence-based tobacco control interventions; however, no previous studies have systematically examined how implementation science has been used in this field. Our scoping review will describe the use of implementation science in tobacco control in the USA, identify relevant gaps in research and suggest future directions for implementation science application to tobacco control.

Social determinants of alcohol and cigarette use by race/ethnicity: Can we ignore measurement issues?

Psychometric critiques of cross-cultural research emphasize testing whether instruments measure the same construct across cultural groups. We tested for measurement invariance (by race/ethnicity) of instruments used to evaluate the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use with perceived discrimination and socioeconomic status (SES). Tests of psychometric equivalence across race/ethnicity focused on: the latent organization of constructs (configural invariance); if observed indicators have equal factor loadings or "true score" variance (metric invariance); and whether manifest indicators change uniformly contingent on change in the latent variable (scalar invariance).

Rapid relapse to smoking following hospital discharge.

Many of nearly 7 million smokers who are hospitalized each year plan to stay quit after they leave the hospital. Most, however, relapse after discharge. This is a secondary analysis of a large Midwestern hospital-based smoking cessation trial that occurred between July 2011 and May 2013 to better understand how quickly smokers relapse and the predictors of rapid relapse.

Critical steps in the path to using cessation pharmacotherapy following hospital-initiated tobacco treatment.

Background: Hospital-initiated smoking cessation interventions utilizing pharmacotherapy increase post-discharge quit rates. Use of smoking cessation medications following discharge may further increase quit rates. This study aims to identify individual, smoking-related and hospitalization-related predictors of engagement in three different steps in the smoking cessation pharmacotherapy utilization process: 1) receiving medications as inpatient, 2) being discharged with a prescription and 3) using medications at 1-month post-hospitalization, while accounting for associations between these steps.

Factors That Explain Differences in Abstinence Between Black and White Smokers: A Prospective Intervention Study.

Background: Black-white differences in smoking abstinence are not well understood. This trial sought to confirm previously reported differences in quitting between blacks and whites and to identify factors underlying this difference.

Methods: During enrollment, 224 black and 225 white low-income smokers were stratified on race and within race on age and sex to ensure balance on these factors known to impact abstinence.

Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation.

Background: While many cessation programmes are available to assist smokers in quitting, research suggests that support from individual partners, family members, or 'buddies' may encourage abstinence.

Objectives: To determine if an intervention to enhance one-to-one partner support for smokers attempting to quit improves smoking cessation outcomes, compared with cessation interventions lacking a partner-support component.

Search Methods: We limited the search to the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, which was updated in April 2018.

Predictors of engagement in post-discharge quitline counseling among hospitalized smokers.

Quitlines provide evidence-based tobacco treatment and multiple calls yield higher quit rates. This study aimed to identify subgroups of smokers with greater quitline engagement following referral during hospitalization. Data were from a randomized clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of fax referral (referral faxed to proactive quitline) versus warm handoff (patient connected to quitline at bedside) (n = 1054).

Daily and Nondaily Smoking Varies by Acculturation among English-Speaking, US Latino Men and Women.

Background: Higher smoking prevalence and quantity (cigarettes per day) has been linked to acculturation in the United States among Latinas, but not Latino men. Our study examines variation between a different and increasingly important target behavior, smoking level (nondaily vs daily) and acculturation by sex.

Methods: An online English-language survey was administered to 786 Latino smokers during July through August 2012.

An Evaluation of SmokeFree for Kansas Kids: An Intervention to Promote Tobacco Cessation in Pediatric Clinics.

Introduction: Smokefree for Kansas Kids is a program designed to train pediatric clinic staff to assess for tobacco exposure and provide brief smoking cessation interventions to caregivers and patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of this program and improve future tobacco intervention efforts in pediatric clinics.

Method: Eighty-six pediatric physicians and staff attended at least one of three training sessions.

Intent to quit, quit attempts, and perceived health risk reduction among African American, Latino, and White nondaily and daily smokers in the United States.

Ethnic and racial differences in smoking patterns and behaviors have been well documented and most African American and Latino smokers are nondaily or light smokers. However, differences within smoking levels are understudied. Our primary aim was to determine whether there are racial and ethnic differences among African American, Latino, and White nondaily, light daily, and moderate to heavy daily smokers on (1) perceived health risk reduction, (2) intentions to quit, and (3) past year quit attempts.

Accuracy of self-reported smoking abstinence in clinical trials of hospital-initiated smoking interventions.

Aims: To estimate the prevalence and predictors of failed biochemical verification of self-reported abstinence among participants enrolled in trials of hospital-initiated smoking cessation interventions.

Design: Comparison of characteristics between participants who verified and those who failed to verify self-reported abstinence.

Settings: Multi-site randomized clinical trials conducted between 2010 and 2014 in hospitals throughout the United States.

Changing the default for tobacco-cessation treatment in an inpatient setting: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Most health care providers do not treat tobacco dependence routinely. This may in part be due to the treatment "default." Current treatment guidelines recommend that providers (1) ask patients if they are willing to quit and (2) provide cessation-focused medications and counseling only to smokers who state that they are willing to quit.

Medicaid Coverage of Smoking Cessation Counseling and Medication Is Underutilized for Pregnant Women.

Introduction: Policies to promote smoking cessation among Medicaid-insured pregnant women have the potential to assist a significant proportion of pregnant smokers. In 2010, Kansas Medicaid began covering smoking cessation counseling for pregnant smokers. Our aim was to evaluate the use of smoking cessation benefits provided to pregnant women as a result of the Kansas Medicaid policy change that provided reimbursement for physician-provided smoking cessation counseling.

Warm Handoff Versus Fax Referral for Linking Hospitalized Smokers to Quitlines.

Introduction: Few hospitals treat patients' tobacco dependence. To be effective, hospital-initiated cessation interventions must provide at least 1 month of supportive contact post-discharge.

Study Design: Individually randomized clinical trial.

Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a national US sample.

Objective: Investigate whether non-daily smokers' (NDS) cigarette price and purchase preferences, recent cessation attempts, and current intentions to quit are associated with the density of the retail cigarette product landscape surrounding their residential address.

Participants: Cross-sectional assessment of N=904 converted NDS (CNDS). who previously smoked every day, and N=297 native NDS (NNDS) who only smoked non-daily, drawn from a national panel.