Preschool onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: course and predictors of stability over 24 months.

Objective: The present study examined the course of ADHD over 24 months in a preschool population.

Method: n=48 preschoolers with ADHD, aged 3.0-5.

Anomalous biliary duct mistaken as hilar stricture. A case report.

Anomalous biliary anatomy is frequently encountered by surgeons during cholecystectomy. Importance of its recognition lies in avoiding serious biliary injuries. One such anomaly is cholecystohepatic duct.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Benzothienothiazepinone Inhibitors of Protein Kinase D.

Protein kinase D (PKD) is a member of a novel family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate fundamental cellular processes. PKD is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Progress in understanding the biological functions and therapeutic potential of PKD has been hampered by the lack of specific inhibitors.

Optimizing advanced practitioner charge capture in high-acuity surgical intensive care units.

Objective: To determine the impact of standardized critical care documentation tools on charge capture by intensive care unit (ICU) advanced practitioners (APs).

Design: Prospective charge capture analysis of AP critical care charges (Current Procedural Terminology codes 99291 or 99292).

Setting: Neurosurgical, general surgical, and cardiothoracic ICUs in a level I, 800-bed hospital.

Suboccipital double barrel twin meningocoele: Another new theory?

Meningomyelocoele (MMC) forms one of the commonest forms of neural tube defect (NTD). It commonly affects lumbosacral area. Double or triple MMC has been reported at various sites of the spine.

The correlation of anxiety and depression levels with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

Background: The aim was to evaluate and correlate anxiety and depression levels with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The study also assessed the effects of family support on distress levels.

Design: It was a prospective study in a cohort of 84 patients with locally advanced breast cancer.

Comparative evaluation of US Food and Drug Administration and pharmacologically guided approaches to determine the maximum recommended starting dose for first-in-human clinical trials in adult healthy men.

The authors compared US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and 9 pharmacologically guided approaches (PGAs; simple allometry, maximum life span potential [MLP], brain weight, rule of exponent [ROE], two 2-sp methods and 3 one-sp methods) to determine the maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) for first-in-human clinical trials in adult healthy men using 10 drugs. The ROE method as suggested by Mahmood and Balian1 gave the best prediction accuracy for a pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter. Values derived from clearance were consistently better than volume of distribution (Vd)-based methods and had lower root mean square error (RMSE) values.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using dye alone method is reliable and accurate even after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer--a prospective study.

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now considered a standard of care in early breast cancers with N0 axillae; however, its role in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is still being debated. The present study assessed the feasibility, efficacy and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using "dye alone" (methylene blue) method in patients with LABC following NACT.

Materials And Methods: Thirty, biopsy proven cases of LABC that had received three cycles of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil) were subjected to SLNB (using methylene blue dye) followed by complete axillary lymph node dissection (levels I-III).

Orphan drug: Development trends and strategies.

The growth of pharma industries has slowed in recent years because of various reasons such as patent expiries, generic competition, drying pipelines, and increasingly stringent regulatory guidelines. Many blockbuster drugs will loose their exclusivity in next 5 years. Therefore, the current economic situation plus the huge generic competition shifted the focus of pharmaceutical companies from the essential medicines to the new business model - niche busters, also called orphan drugs.

Emerging strategies for EphA2 receptor targeting for cancer therapeutics.

Importance Of The Field: High mortality rates with cancers warrant further development of earlier diagnostics and better treatment strategies. Membrane-bound erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor tyrosine kinase class A2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in breast, prostate, urinary bladder, skin, lung, ovary and brain cancers.

Areas Covered In This Review: EphA2 overexpression in cancers, its signaling mechanisms and strategies to target its deregulation.

Vulval elephantiasis as a result of tubercular lymphadenitis: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Introduction: Elephantiasis as a result of chronic lymphedema is characterized by gross enlargement of the arms, legs or genitalia, and occurs due to a variety of obstructive diseases of the lymphatic system. Genital elephantiasis usually follows common filariasis and lymphogranuloma venereum. It may follow granuloma inguinale, carcinomas, lymph node dissection or irradiation and tuberculosis but this happens rarely.

Evaluation of innate immunity and vector toxicity following inoculation of bovine, porcine or human adenoviral vectors in a mouse model.

Nonhuman adenovirus (Ad) vectors derived from bovine Ad serotype 3 (BAd3) or porcine Ad serotype 3 (PAd3) can circumvent pre-existing immunity against human Ad (HAd). We have previously reported differential transduction of human and nonhuman cells by these Ad vectors, and their distinct receptor usage and biodistribution. To compare the induction of innate immunity, vector toxicity and vector uptake by Kupffer cells (KCs) following intravenous administration of PAd3, BAd3, or HAd5 vectors in mice, we determined mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the liver and spleen.

Comparison of Clinical Performance of I-Gel with LMA-Proseal in Elective Surgeries.

Sixty ASA grade I & II adult patients of either sex were randomly assigned into two groups. Group I (n=30) for I-gel and Group P (n=30) for LMA - ProSeal. We assessed the airway sealing pressure, ease of insertion, success rate of insertion, ease of gastric tube placement, airway trauma by post operative blood staining of the device, tongue, lip and dental trauma, hoarseness, regurgitation / aspiration and cost effectiveness.

Oral D-penicillamine for the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Purpose: To compare prophylactic enteral D-penicillamine (DPA) with placebo for prevention of 'retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or death' among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods: This was a double-blind, single-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with stratification (for birth weight <1250 and ≥1250 g) and blocking. Inborn neonates with birth weight 750-1500 g, gestation ≤32 weeks, age ≤5 days, who tolerated feeds were eligible.

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of three oral formulations of valsartan 160 mg: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, three-period crossover comparison in healthy Indian male volunteers.

Background: Valsartan is a selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Although the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of valsartan have been well characterized, a literature search did not identify any reports concerning the bioavailability of valsartan in the Indian population.

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of 2 branded generic valsartan formulations (tests A and B) with a branded innovator product (reference) in healthy Indian male subjects.

The effects of rosuvastatin on the serum cortisol, serum lipid, and serum mevalonic acid levels in the healthy Indian male population.

In this open-label, balanced, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study, healthy male volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Each group received either a single oral dose of rosuvastatin 20 mg or placebo. Estimations were done at predose on day 1 of dosing (baseline) and 24 h postdose after days 7 and 14.

Evaluation of cross-reactive cell-mediated immune responses among human, bovine and porcine adenoviruses.

The absence of preexisting immunity against porcine adenovirus (Ad) serotype 3 (PAd3) and bovine Ad serotype 3 (BAd3) in humans makes them attractive alternatives to human Ad serotype 5 (HAd5) vectors. To determine whether there is significant cross-reactivity among HAd5, BAd3 and PAd3 at the level of cell-mediated immune responses, BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with wild-type (WT) or replication-defective (RD) HAd5, BAd3 or PAd3. After 35 days of the first inoculation, cross-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, as well as CD4+ Th1- and Th2-helper T cells, in the spleen were analyzed by enzyme-linked-immunospot, flow cytometry and cytotoxic T lymphocyte assays.