In vitro drug susceptibility using a parasite-rescue and transformation assay of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis and Leishmania (Mundinia) orientalis amastigotes against antileishmanial drugs.

Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease in Thailand, with Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania orientalis identified as the primary causative agents among immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Variations in drug susceptibility among different Leishmania species have been reported in different regions. Therefore, drug susceptibility assays are essential to assess the effectiveness of antileishmanial drugs used or potentially used in the affected areas.

Risk Factors of Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species.

There are two main species of reported in Thailand, that is, and Moreover, leishmaniasis cases caused by complex were also reported. There is still a lack of information concerning risk factors of infection in Thailand. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of infection caused by these three species among HIV-infected patients.

An Epidemiological Survey of Infection in a Lightly Infected Community, Eastern Thailand.

Human liver fluke infection caused by increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) reported along the Mekong basin including Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Cambodia, and Vietnam. The highest incidence of CCA has been reported in northeastern Thailand where liver fluke infection is prevalent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of infection in a northeastern-descendent community in rural Sa Kaeo Province, eastern Thailand, using stool examination and molecular technique.

In vitro growth characteristics and morphological differentiation of Leishmania martiniquensis promastigotes in different culture media.

The protozoan hemoflagellate, Leishmania martiniquensis, is the causative agent of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis among humans. This parasite was first isolated from an autochthonous case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique Island (French West Indies) in 1995 and its taxonomical position was later established in 2002. At present, the emergence of this globally infectious disease caused by L.

Detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva among patients with HIV/AIDS in Trang Province, southern Thailand.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease causing opportunistic infection among patients with HIV/AIDS. The fatal form of this disease is visceral leishmaniasis (VL). DNA of Leishmania can be detected in saliva, for which the collection is noninvasive and requires little expertise.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum after an artemisinin resistance containment project.

Background: In Thailand, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been used to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria since 1995. Unfortunately, artemisinin resistance has been reported from Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries since 2003. Malarone, a combination of atovaquone-proguanil (ATQ-PG), has been used to cease artemisinin pressure in some areas along Thai-Cambodia border, as part of an artemisinin resistance containment project since 2009.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in Trang Province, southern Thailand.

Background: Autochthonous cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania siamensis have been considered emerging infectious diseases in Thailand. The disease burden is significantly underestimated, especially the prevalence of Leishmania infection among HIV-positive patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection among patients with HIV/AIDS living in Trang province, southern Thailand, between 2015 and 2016.

In Vitro Sensitivity of Pyronaridine in Thai Isolates of .

Pyronaridine, a Mannich base antimalarial agent with a high activity against chloroquine-resistant , has been combined with artesunate as a new artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT). Pyronaridine-artesunate combination could be one of the choices for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in multidrug-resistant areas including Thailand. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro sensitivity and cross-resistance pattern of pyronaridine in Thai isolates of .

Molecular discrimination of Opisthorchis-like eggs from residents in a rural community of central Thailand.

Background: Opisthorchis viverrini infection is a major public health problem in northern and northeastern Thailand. The chronic infection of O. viverrini is related to cholangiocarcinoma which causes high mortality in endemic areas.

Comparison of Recombinant Proteins of Kinesin 39, Heat Shock Protein 70, Heat Shock Protein 83, and Glycoprotein 63 for Antibody Detection of Leishmania martiniquensis Infection.

Leishmania martiniquensis, a zoonotic hemoflagellate, is a causative agent of cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) among humans and animals. This organism, first reported in Martinique Island, now has become an emerging infectious agent in Thailand. Symptomatic cases of L.

Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations.

Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG.

PFMDR1 POLYMORPHISMS INFLUENCE ON IN VITRO SENSITIVITY OF THAI PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ISOLATES TO PRIMAQUINE, SITAMAQUINE AND TAFENOQUINE.

Primaquine (PQ), an 8-aminoquinoline, is considered a tissue schizonticide drug for radical cure in vivax and ovale malaria, with minimal impact on asexual erythrocytic stages at therapeutic concentrations. Tafenoquine (TQ), a new 8-aminoquinoline analog of PQ, is active against both malaria parasite tissue and blood stages and is being promoted as a drug candidate for antimalarial chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis and potential transmission blocking against Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum.

Development and evaluation of PCR methods based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit one (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit one gene (nad1) to detect Opisthorchis viverrini in human fecal samples.

Opisthorchis viverrini is highly prevalent throughout Southeast Asia. Chronic infection of this parasite leads to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a fatal bile duct cancer. The early and accurate detection of this parasite is very important; therefore, new PCR methods targeting cytochrome c oxidase subunit one and NADH dehydrogenase subunit one gene to detect O.

Prevalence and gB genotype distribution of human cytomegalovirus among HIV sero-negative and HIV sero-positive orphans in Thailand.

Background: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMIV infects humans in all geographic areas. Polymorphisms ofglycoprotein B (gB) have been usedforgenotypic characterization of HCMV However information of gB genotyping of HCMV in Thailand is not clearly known especially in children.

Material And Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess HCMV infection in 236 HIV seronegative and HIV seropositive children who attended an orphanage in Nonthaburi, Thailand by nested-PCR technique using urine specimens.

Incidence and risk factors of blastocystis infection in orphans at the Babies' Home, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand.

Background: Blastocystis infection is one of the most common intestinal protozoan infections reported in Thai population of all age groups for which epidemiological information is important to understand patterns of transmission for developing methods ofprevention and control for each specific group. The authors aimed to study prevalence, incidence and riskfactors associated with Blastocystis infection in orphans and childcare workers. Additionally, subtypes ofBlastocystis were identified

Material And Method: A retrospective cohort study of Blastocystis sp.

Incidence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection in an orphanage, Thailand.

A cohort study was performed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection in an orphanage in suburban area outside Bangkok, central Thailand. Stool specimens were examined for the presence of G. duodenalis in January 2007, May 2007 and January 2008.

Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection.

Background: Leishmania siamensis, a newly identified species, has been reported as a causative agent of leishmaniasis in Thailand. This organism has been identified and genetically characterized using PCR techniques based on several target genes. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these methods for the diagnosis of L.

Human cytomegalovirus gB1 genotypes among children who live at the Phayathai Babies' home in Nonthaburi, Thailand.

We conducted a survey of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genotypes among 176 children aged 1 month to 5 years living at Phayathai Babies' Home in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand to determine the prevalence of HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) genotype. The study was conducted on urine samples using nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism; the HCMV gB1 genotype was found in 89% of subjects, much higher than previous reports. Our results show a high proportion of HCMV gB1 infected children in this population.

Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) gemmea, a potential vector of Leishmania siamensis in southern Thailand.

Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania siamensis, is an emerging disease in Thailand. Although reported cases have been increasing, epidemiological information of the disease including host and vector aspects is not clearly known. This study was a preliminary survey of the potential vector of L.

Multilocus characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania siamensis isolated from autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases, southern Thailand.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania siamensis is an emerging disease continuously reported in six southern provinces of Thailand. To date, the phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania isolates from Thai patients and other Leishmania species are still unclear and the taxonomic diversity needs to be established. In this study, the phylogenetic inference trees were constructed based on four genetic loci (i.

Identification of Blastocystis subtype 1 variants in the Home for Girls, Bangkok, Thailand.

A cross-sectional study of Blastocystis infection was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, and subtypes of Blastocystis at the Home for Girls, Bangkok, Thailand in November 2008. Of 370 stool samples, 118 (31.9%) were infected with Blastocystis.

Prevalence of giardiasis and genotypic characterization of Giardia duodenalis in hilltribe children, Northern Thailand.

A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of giardiasis in hilltribe children of 2 different remote districts (Mae-chaem and Hod), Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand from November 2006-April 2007. The overall prevalence of giardiasis was 5.2%.

Determination of discriminatory power of genetic markers used for genotyping Giardia duodenalis.

Small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU-rDNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin, triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1-alpha) genes are useful genetic markers for genotypic analysis of the intestinal protozoan, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. lamblia, G.

Polymorphisms of the pfmdr1 but not the pfnhe-1 gene is associated with in vitro quinine sensitivity in Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.

Background: The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most currently used anti-malarial drugs is a major problem in malaria control along the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders. Quinine (QN) with tetracycline/doxycycline has been used as the second-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. In addition, QN monotherapy has been the first-line treatment for falciparum malaria in pregnant women.

Role of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and multidrug resistance 1 genes on in vitro chloroquine resistance in isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Thailand.

Resistance to chloroquine is a public health problem worldwide. Polymorphisms of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) genes have been linked to chloroquine resistance.