Retinal changes and cardiac biomarker assessment in relation to chronic kidney disease: a single centre study.

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising in Malaysia. Early detection is necessary to prevent disease progression, especially in terms of cardiovascular (CV) risk, the main cause of death in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Retinal changes have proven to be a good predictor of CKD whereas cardiac biomarkers are useful in cardiovascular risk stratification.

Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters Between Patients With Different Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue because of the rising number of patients with the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease. The retinal micro-vasculatures provide a unique window to assess systemic microcirculation. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) parameters may provide a non-invasive method for systemic correlation.