Inflammation-induced loss of CFTR-expressing airway ionocytes in non-eosinophilic asthma.

Background And Objective: Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with subtype classification according to dominant airway infiltrates, including eosinophilic (Type 2 high), or non-eosinophilic asthma. Non-eosinophilic asthma is further divided into paucigranulocytic or neutrophilic asthma characterized by elevated neutrophils, and mixed Type 1 and Type 17 cytokines in the airways. Severe non-eosinophilic asthma has few effective treatments and many patients do not qualify for biologic therapies.

Reversibly Adapting Configuration in Atomic Catalysts Enables Efficient Oxygen Electroreduction.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) featuring M-N-C moieties have garnered significant attention as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the role of the dynamic M-N configuration of SACs induced by the derived frameworks under applied ORR potentials remains poorly understood. Herein, we conduct a comprehensive investigation using multiple operando techniques to assess the dynamic configurations of Cu SACs under various microstructural interface (MSI) regulations by anchoring atomic Cu on g-CN and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) substrates.

Spatially and temporally understanding dynamic solid-electrolyte interfaces in carbon dioxide electroreduction.

The ubiquity of solid-liquid interfaces in nature and the significant role of their atomic-scale structure in determining interfacial properties have led to intensive research. Particularly in electrocatalysis, however, a molecular-level picture that clearly describes the dynamic interfacial structures and organizations with their correlation to preferred reaction pathways in electrochemical reactions remains poorly understood. In this review, CO electroreduction reaction (CORR) is spatially and temporally understood as a result of intricate interactions at the interface, in which the interfacial features are highly relevant.

Maternal diet modulates the infant microbiome and intestinal Flt3L necessary for dendritic cell development and immunity to respiratory infection.

Poor maternal diet during pregnancy is a risk factor for severe lower respiratory infections (sLRIs) in the offspring, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that in mice a maternal low-fiber diet (LFD) led to enhanced LRI severity in infants because of delayed plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) recruitment and perturbation of regulatory T cell expansion in the lungs. LFD altered the composition of the maternal milk microbiome and assembling infant gut microbiome.

Lewis Acidic Support Boosts C-C Coupling in the Pulsed Electrochemical CO Reaction.

Copper-oxide electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to effectively perform the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR) toward C products, yet preserving the reactive high-valent CuO has remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a model system of Lewis acidic supported Cu electrocatalyst with a pulsed electroreduction method to achieve enhanced performance for C products, in which an optimized electrocatalyst could reach ∼76% Faradaic efficiency for C products (FE) at ∼-0.99 V reversible hydrogen electrode, and the corresponding mass activity can be enhanced by ∼2 times as compared to that of conventional CuO.

Strong Correlation between the Dynamic Chemical State and Product Profile of Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction.

Utilizing renewable electricity energy to convert CO into fuels and chemicals, namely, CO electrocatalytic reduction reaction (CORR), is becoming increasingly significant yet challenged by low activity and selectivity. Recently, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that oxidized species can surprisingly survive on the catalyst surface under highly cathodic CORR conditions and play crucial roles in affecting the product selectivity. However, dynamic evolutions of the surface chemical state together with its real correlation to the product selectivity are still unclear, which is one of the most controversial topics for CORR.

A Senescence Bystander Effect in Human Lung Fibroblasts.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease characterised by a dense fibrosing of the lung parenchyma. An association between IPF and cellular senescence is well established and several studies now describe a higher abundance of senescent fibroblasts and epithelial cells in the lungs of IPF patients compared with age-matched controls. The cause of this abnormal accumulation of senescent cells is unknown but evidence suggests that, once established, senescence can be transferred from senescent to non-senescent cells.

MOF-Templated Sulfurization of Atomically Dispersed Manganese Catalysts Facilitating Electroreduction of CO to CO.

To reach a carbon-neutral future, electrochemical CO reduction reaction (eCORR) has proven to be a strong candidate for the next-generation energy system. Among potential materials, single-atom catalysts (SACs) serve as a model to study the mechanism behind the reduction of CO to CO, given their well-defined active metal centers and structural simplicity. Moreover, using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as supports to anchor and stabilize central metal atoms, the common concern, metal aggregation, for SACs can be addressed well.

Linking the Dynamic Chemical State of Catalysts with the Product Profile of Electrocatalytic CO Reduction.

The promoted activity and enhanced selectivity of electrocatalysts is commonly ascribed to specific structural features such as surface facets, morphology, and atomic defects. However, unraveling the factors that really govern the direct electrochemical reduction of CO (CO RR) is still very challenging since the surface state of electrocatalysts is dynamic and difficult to predict under working conditions. Moreover, theoretical predictions from the viewpoint of thermodynamics alone often fail to specify the actual configuration of a catalyst for the dynamic CO RR process.

In Situ Identifying the Dynamic Structure behind Activity of Atomically Dispersed Platinum Catalyst toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Single-atom catalysts (SAs) with the maximum atom utilization and breakthrough activities toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have attracted considerable research interests. Uncovering the nature of single-atom metal centers under operating electrochemical condition is highly significant for improving their catalytic performance, yet is poorly understood in most studies. Herein, Pt single atoms anchoring on the nitrogen-carbon substrate (Pt /N-C) as a model system are utilized to investigate the dynamic structure of Pt single-atom centers during the HER process.

Role of the Intestinal Epithelium and Its Interaction With the Microbiota in Food Allergy.

The intestinal epithelial tract forms a dynamic lining of the digestive system consisting of a range of epithelial cell sub-types with diverse functions fulfilling specific niches. The intestinal epithelium is more than just a physical barrier regulating nutrient uptake, rather it plays a critical role in homeostasis through its intrinsic innate immune function, pivotal regulation of antigen sensitization, and a bi-directional interplay with the microbiota that evolves with age. In this review we will discuss these functions of the epithelium in the context of food allergy.

In situ unraveling of the effect of the dynamic chemical state on selective CO reduction upon zinc electrocatalysts.

Unraveling the reaction mechanism behind the CO reduction reaction (CORR) is a crucial step for advancing the development of efficient and selective electrocatalysts to yield valuable chemicals. To understand the mechanism of zinc electrocatalysts toward the CORR, a series of thermally oxidized zinc foils is prepared to achieve a direct correlation between the chemical state of the electrocatalyst and product selectivity. The evidence provided by in situ Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction significantly demonstrates that the Zn(ii) and Zn(0) species on the surface are responsible for the production of carbon monoxide (CO) and formate, respectively.

Rare spontaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis: A case report.

Background: The portosystemic shunt is the pathway between the portal vein (PV) and systemic circulation. A spontaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (SPISS) is a rare portosystemic shunt type. Here we report an extremely rare type of SPISS, a spontaneous intrahepatic PV-inferior vena cava shunt (SPIVCS).

Pharmacological Effects of Melatonin as Neuroprotectant in Rodent Model: A Review on the Current Biological Evidence.

The progressive loss of structure and functions of neurons, including neuronal death, is one of the main factors leading to poor quality of life. Promotion of functional recovery of neuron after injury is a great challenge in neuroregenerative studies. Melatonin, a hormone is secreted by pineal gland and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.

Cynanchum bungei Decne and its two related species for "Baishouwu": A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Cynanchum bungei Decne. (CB) (Asclepiadaceae) and its two related species Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. (CA) and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.

Hydrogen Sulfide Protects against Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hippocampus by Upregulation of BDNF-TrkB Pathway.

Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induces hippocampal oxidative stress. H2S functions as a neuroprotectant against oxidative stress in brain. We have previously shown the upregulatory effect of H2S on BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus of rats.

Activation of BKca channels mediates hippocampal neuronal death after reoxygenation and reperfusion.

Excessive K(+) efflux promotes central neuronal apoptosis; however, the type of potassium channel that mediates K(+) efflux in response to different apoptosis-inducing stimuli is still unknown. It is hypothesized that the activation of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BKCa) mediates hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)- and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced neuronal apoptosis. Rat hippocampal neuronal cultures underwent apoptosis after reoxygenation, as assessed by morphologic observation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, and caspase-3 activation.