PsDMAP1/PsTIP60-regulated H4K16ac is required for ROS-dependent virulence adaptation of on host plants.

Host plants and various fungicides inhibit plant pathogens by inducing the release of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing DNA damage, either directly or indirectly leading to cell death. The mechanisms by which the oomycete manages ROS stress resulting from plant immune responses and fungicides remains unclear. This study elucidates the role of histone acetylation in ROS-induced DNA damage responses (DDR) to adapt to stress.

PARylation facilitates the DNA damage repair of Phytophthora sojae in response to host ROS stress.

Host plants and various fungicides combat plant pathogens by triggering the release of excessive ROS, leading to DNA damage and subsequent cell death. The mechanisms by which the Phytophthora sojae mitigates ROS stress induced by plant immune responses and fungicides are not well understood. This study investigates the role of PsPARP1A-mediated poly (ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) in ROS-induced DNA damage responses (DDR).

Resistance risk and resistance-associated point mutations in the target protein PcVHA-a of fluopimomide in Phytophthora capsici.

Fluopimomide, developed by Shandong Sino-Agri United Biotechnology Co., Ltd., is a pyridinylmethyl-benzamide fungicide with good activity against plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic oomycetes.

Resistant risk and resistance mechanism of florylpicoxamid in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Chinese walnut.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal pathogen for the devastating walnuts anthracnose. A novel quinone inside inhibitor (QiI) fungicide florylpicoxamid has strong inhibitory efficacy against C. gloeosporioides.

Two point mutations N771S and K847N in the VHA-a of Phytophthora litchii confer resistance to fluopimomide.

The phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora litchii is the culprit behind the devastating disease known as "litchi downy blight", which causes large losses in litchi production. Although fluopimomide exhibits strong inhibitory efficacy against P. litchii, the exact mechanism of resistance is still unknown.

Characteristics of fluopicolide-resistance mutants in Phytophthora nicotianae, the pathogen causing black shank disease in tobacco.

Black shank, a devastating disease in tobacco production worldwide, is caused by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Fluopicolide is a pyridinylmethyl-benzamides fungicide with a unique mechanism of action and has been widely used for controlling a variety of oomycetes such as Plasmopara viticola, Phytophthora infestans, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, P. nicotianae and Bremia lactucae.

Resistance risk, resistance mechanism and the effect on DON production of a new SDHI fungicide cyclobutrifluram in Fusarium graminearum.

Fusarium head blight in wheat is caused by Fusarium graminearum, resulting in significant yield losses and grain contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON), which poses a potential threat to animal health. Cyclobutrifluram, a newly developed succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibition of Fusarium spp. However, the resistance risk of F.

Analysis of resistance risk and mechanism of the 14α-demethylation inhibitor ipconazole in Fusarium pseudograminearum.

Ipconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that is highly effective against Fusarium pseudograminearum. However, its risk of developing resistance and mechanism are not well understood in F. pseudograminearum.

Unveiling Vacuolar H-ATPase Subunit a as the Primary Target of the Pyridinylmethyl-Benzamide Fungicide, Fluopicolide.

An estimated 240 fungicides are presently in use, but the direct targets for the majority remain elusive, constraining fungicide development and efficient resistance monitoring. In this study, we found that knockout did not influence the sensitivity of to fluopicolide, which is a notable oomycete inhibitor. Using a combination of Bulk Segregant Analysis Sequencing and Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) assays, the vacuolar H-ATPase subunit a (PcVHA-a) was pinpointed as the target protein of fluopicolide.

Attributes of Cyazofamid-Resistant Mutants and Its Impact on Quality of Litchi Fruits.

In this study, we determined the sensitivity of 148 isolates to cyazofamid, yielding a mean EC value of 0.0091 ± 0.0028 μg/mL.

Characteristics of famoxadone-resistant mutants of Phytophthora litchii and their effect on lychee fruit quality.

Lychee downy blight (LDB), a common disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora litchii, poses a significant threat to both pre- and post-harvest stages, leading to substantial economic losses. Famoxadone, a quinone outside inhibitor fungicide, was registered for controlling LDB in China in 2002. However, limited information is available regarding the risk, mechanism, and impact on lychee fruit quality associated with famoxadone resistance.

Inhibitory activity to Fusarium spp. and control potential for wheat Fusarium crown rot of a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor cyclobutrifluram.

Background: Wheat Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is a serious problem primarily caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, a pathogenic agent known to produce mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON). Cyclobutrifluram, a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor devised by Syngenta, has immense potential to control both nematodes and Fusarium diseases. However, its efficacy in combating Fusarium species, its ability to prevent and reverse the detrimental effects of FCR, and its impact on the production of DON by F.

Novel function of the PsDMAP1 protein in regulating the growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora sojae.

The DNA methyltransferase 1-associated protein (DMAP1) was initially identified as an activator of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), a conserved eukaryotic enzyme involved in diverse molecular processes, including histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling. However, the roles and regulatory mechanisms of DMAP1 in filamentous pathogens are still largely unknown. Here, employing bioinformatic analysis, we identified PsDMAP1 in P.

Cytochrome P450 and Glutathione S-Transferase Confer Metabolic Resistance to SYP-14288 and Multi-Drug Resistance in .

SYP-14288 is a fungicide as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, which is effective in controlling fungal pathogens like To determine whether can develop SYP-14288 resistance and possibly multi-drug resistance (MDR), an SYP-14288-resistant mutant of X19-7 was generated from wild-type strain X19, and the mechanism of resistance was studied through metabolic and genetic assays. From metabolites of treated with SYP-14288, three compounds including M1, M2, and M3 were identified according to UPLC-MS/MS analysis, and M1 accumulated faster than M2 and M3 in X19-7. When X19-7 was treated by glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) and SYP-14288 together, or by DEM plus one of tested fungicides that have different modes of action, a synergistic activity of resistance occurred, implying that GSTs promoted metabolic resistance against SYP-14288 and therefore led to MDR.

PcCesA1 is involved in the polar growth, cellulose synthesis, and glycosidic linkage crosslinking in the cell wall of Phytophthora capsici.

Phytophthora capsici is a destructive plant pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts worldwide. The P. capsici cell wall, rich in cellulose, is vital for hyphal growth and host interactions.

Uncoupler SYP-14288 inducing multidrug resistance of Phytophthora capsici through overexpression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and P-glycoprotein.

Background: Fungicide resistance has become a serious problem for different mode of action groups except for uncouplers, which makes their resistance mechanism a hot topic, which until now, has not been well clarified. SYP-14288, a newly developed diarylamine fungicide modeled on fluazinam, has shown good toxicity to both oomycete and fungus by the action of uncoupling. In this research, the resistance of Phytophthora capsici to SYP-14288 was studied to clarify the resistance mechanism of uncouplers.

α-Amylase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory effects of bark extracts and identification of bioactive constituents using and approaches.

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Metabolic Mechanism of Plant Defense against Rice Blast Induced by Probenazole.

The probenazole fungicide is used for controlling rice blast () primarily by inducing disease resistance of the plant. To investigate the mechanism of induced plant defense, rice seedlings were treated with probenazole at 15 days post emergence, and non-treated plants were used for the control. The plants were infected with 5 days after chemical treatment and incubated in a greenhouse.

Identification of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and α-Amylase Inhibitors from (Blume) T. G. Hartley (Rutaceae) Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry, In Vitro and In Silico Methods.

The present study investigated the antidiabetic properties of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stem bark of based on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and α-Amylase inhibitory activity assays. The chloroform extract of the leaves was found to be most active towards inhibition of DPP-4 and α-Amylase with IC of 169.40 μg/mL and 303.

Metabolic Fingerprinting for Identifying the Mode of Action of the Fungicide SYP-14288 on .

The fungicide SYP-14288 has a high efficiency, low toxicity, and broad spectrum in inhibiting both fungi and oomycetes, but its mode of action (MoA) remains unclear on inhibiting fungi. In this study, the MoA was determined by analyzing the metabolism and respiratory activities of treated by SYP-14288. Wild-type strains and SYP-14288-resistant mutants of were incubated on potato dextrose agar amended with either SYP-14288 or one of select fungicides acting on fungal respiration, including complex I, II, and III inhibitors; uncouplers; and ATP synthase inhibitors.

Rapid Quantification and Validation of Biomarker Scopoletin in by qNMR and UV-Vis for Herbal Preparation.

Scopoletin has previously been reported as a biomarker for the standardization of twigs. This study is the first report on the determination and quantification of scopoletin using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) in the different extracts of twigs. The validated qNMR method showed a good linearity ( = 0.

Overexpression of three P450 genes is responsible for resistance to novel pyrimidine amines in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Background: A series of pyrimidine amine derivatives has been synthesized by modifying the pyrimidine ring group of diflumetorim-a mitochondrial complex I inhibiting fungicide. One derivative, code number SYP-34773, is investigated in this study involving Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, which is the most devastating disease in rice. The response, resistance profile and mechanism of M.

Bioactivity of the Novel Fungicide SYP-14288 Against Plant Pathogens and the Study of its Mode of Action Based on Untargeted Metabolomics.

Plant disease is a major threat to crop production, and fungicide application is one of the most effective methods to control plant disease. With emerging issues related to toxic residues and pathogen resistance, new fungicides with novel modes of action are urgently needed. SYP-14288 is a novel fungicide that could efficiently promote respiration and inhibit ATP biosynthesis in target organisms, but its bioactivity against various plant pathogens and exact mode of action are still unknown.

Cytotoxic Activity of Root and Leaf Extracts and Fractions against Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

, commonly known as 'Daun Rerama', has recently garnered attention from numerous sources in Malaysia as an alternative treatment. Its herbal decoction was believed to show anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of the extract of root and leaf of .