A Locally-Produced Plant-Based Supplement (SAVI) Enrichment Improves Body Growth, Bone Development, and Immune Functions in Protein Malnourished Mice: Implications for Strategies to Combat Child Malnutrition.

Child malnutrition is a critical global challenge. India alone is home to nearly 46 million stunted children, a third of the world's total. Supplementing locally-produced foods has been acknowledged as a sustainable strategy for combating child malnutrition.

Supplementation of Ocean-Based Advance Protein Powder (APP) for Restoration of Body Growth, Bone Development and Immune Functions in Protein Malnourished Mice: Implications for Preventing Child Malnutrition.

Child malnutrition is a global public health challenge. A protein malnutrition (PM) model in young mice was established in this study. The efficacy of an ocean-based protein (APP) extracted from by-catch fish as compared to casein and soy on restoring body weight, bone growth, and immunity of PM mice was evaluated.

Growth, Bone Health, and Cognition: Nutritional Evaluation of a Sustainable Ocean-Based Advance Protein Powder (APP).

This study evaluated an alternative ocean-based fish protein, Advanced Protein Powder (APP) as a feasible, environmentally sustainable protein source to reduce childhood malnutrition. We completed a rodent feeding study to evaluate growth and development in young growing mice on a purified diet containing APP as compared to mice-fed diets using other common protein sources - casein, whey, and soy. Results suggested APP to be an effective and safe protein source and ensured normal body growth, bone development, and brain function in APP diet-fed mice.

Induction of regulatory T cells by green tea polyphenol EGCG.

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical in maintaining immune tolerance and suppressing autoimmunity. The transcription factor Foxp3 serves as a master switch that controls the development and function of Treg. Foxp3 expression is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors can induce Foxp3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells.

Dietary soy and tea mitigate chronic inflammation and prostate cancer via NFκB pathway in the Noble rat model.

Chronic inflammation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) have been implicated in prostate cancer development; thus, dietary factors that inhibit NFκB may serve as effective chemo-preventative agents. Prostate cancer risk is significantly lower in Asian countries compared to the United States, which has prompted interest in the potential chemopreventative action of Asian dietary components such as soy and green tea. This study examined the effects of dietary soy and tea on NFκB activation and inflammation in vivo using a hormone-induced rat model for prostate cancer.

Anti-inflammatory activity of soy and tea in prostate cancer prevention.

Prostate cancer is the leading cancer-related cause of death for men in the USA. Prostate cancer risk is significantly lower in Asian countries compared with the USA, which has prompted interest in the potential chemo-preventive action of soy and green tea that are more predominant in Asian diets. It has been proposed that chronic inflammation is a major risk factor of prostate cancer, acting as both an initiator and promoter.

Differential effects of whole soy extract and soy isoflavones on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

Previous studies have suggested that soy isoflavones exert anticarcinogenic effects against prostate cancer. We propose that soy extracts, containing a mixture of soy isoflavones and other bioactive components, would be a more potent chemo-preventive agent than individual soy isoflavones. We compared the apoptotic effects of whole soy extracts and individual soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, on prostate cancer cells.

Induction of proinflammatory response in prostate cancer epithelial cells by activated macrophages.

Emerging evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. Yet to date the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms linking inflammation to carcinogenesis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the local contribution of prostate epithelial cells to the inflammatory process.

Acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: effects of feeding feather meal or vitamin E.

We evaluated the effects of feeding 1.5% cysteine-rich feather meal or 550 IU of vitamin E for 40 d before slaughter on the rates of death and emergency slaughter due to acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) in commercial feedlots. Blood and lung tissue were collected at slaughter from 83 animals clinically diagnosed with AIP, 40 asymptomatic penmates, and 40 heifers receiving either feather meal (20) or vitamin E (20); the left lung was subsampled for histologic examination.

Effect of dietary melengestrol acetate on the incidence of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot heifers.

Over a 3-y period, 906,000 cattle were monitored in 23 feedlots in southern Alberta for symptoms of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). Plasma, urine, and lung tissue were collected at slaughter from 299 animals clinically diagnosed with AIP and from 156 healthy penmates and analyzed for 3-methylindole (3MI) derivatives and reduced glutathione concentration. From each animal, the left lung was subsampled for histologic examination.

Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells.

There is increasing evidence that certain natural compounds found in plants may be useful as cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents. Limited in vitro studies indicate that several prenylated flavonoids present in the hop plant (Humulus lupulus) possess anticarcinogenic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-tumorigenic effects of xanthohumol (XN), the major prenylflavonoid in hops, on prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.

Faster plasma vitamin E disappearance in smokers is normalized by vitamin C supplementation.

Vitamin E disappearance is accelerated in cigarette smokers due to their increased oxidative stress and is inversely correlated with plasma vitamin C concentrations. Therefore, we hypothesized that ascorbic acid supplementation (500 mg, twice daily; 2 weeks) would normalize smokers' plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol disappearance rates and conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover investigation in smokers (n=11) and nonsmokers (n=13) given a single dose of deuterium-labeled alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (50 mg each d6-RRR-alpha and d2-RRR-gamma-tocopheryl acetate). During the placebo trial, smokers, compared with nonsmokers, had significantly (P<0.

Dietary supplementation of N-acetylcysteine enhances early inflammatory responses during cutaneous wound healing in protein malnourished mice.

Prolonged wound healing is a complication that contributes to the morbidity and mortality of protein malnutrition (PM). The molecular mechanisms that underlie impaired wound healing in PM may begin in the early inflammatory stage of the process. We hypothesized that the impaired wound healing observed in PM occurs as a consequence of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that impairs the wound healing process by depressing nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation and the subsequent synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines that are critical mediators of the inflammatory response.

Lower plasma alpha-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman after deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopherol supplementation suggests decreased vitamin E metabolism in smokers.

Background: Cigarette smoking increases the fractional disappearance rates of alpha-tocopherol and is associated with increased oxidative stress, but its effects on alpha-tocopherol metabolism are unknown.

Objective: We hypothesized that smokers would have less alpha-tocopherol available and consequently lower plasma alpha-carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (alpha-CEHC), the alpha-tocopherol metabolite produced by a cytochrome P450-mediated process.

Design: Smokers and nonsmokers (n = 10 per group) were supplemented with deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopheryl acetates (75 mg each d3-RRR-alpha-tocopheryl and d6-all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) from day -6 to day -1, and plasma tocopherols and CEHCs were measured (day -6 through day 17).

Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes.

A robust database shows that dietary supplements of vitamins E and C are safe for the general population. Because these nutrients supply antioxidant and other functions for homeostasis and protection against free radical damage, supplementation has been intensively studied. Because of perceived benefits, many persons consume quantities of vitamins E and C well above the recommended dietary allowances.

Cigarette smoking increases human vitamin E requirements as estimated by plasma deuterium-labeled CEHC.

Cigarette smoking (CS) is a well-described oxidant burden in humans. We hypothesized that CS would accelerate alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) utilization leaving less for metabolite (CEHC) production. After labeled alpha-T consumption (75 mg each of d(3)-RRR-alpha-TAc and d(6)-all-rac-alpha-TAc) by smokers and nonsmokers (n = 10/group), CS increased alpha-T disappearance and decreased plasma and urinary CEHCs.

{alpha}-Tocopherol disappearance is faster in cigarette smokers and is inversely related to their ascorbic acid status.

Background: Cigarette smokers have enhanced oxidative stress from cigarette smoke exposure and from their increased inflammatory responses.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking increases plasma alpha-tocopherol disappearance in otherwise healthy humans.

Design: Smokers and nonsmokers (n = 10/group) were supplemented with deuterium-labeled alpha-tocopheryl acetates (75 mg each of d(3)-RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and d(6)-all-rac-alpha-tocopherols acetate) for 6 evenings (days -6 to -1).

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on Delta-5 desaturase activity in yeast transformed with fungal Delta-5 desaturase gene.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a mixture of positional and geometric isomers derived from linoleic acid (LA: delta9, 12-18:2), has been shown to exhibit various biological functions based on studies using cell culture and animal models. It was postulated that the beneficial effects of CLA were exerted through suppression of production of arachidonic acid (AA; delta5,8,11,14-20:4) and consequently, production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. In this study, we used the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transformed with fungal delta5-desaturase gene as a model, to study whether CLA affects the activity of delta5-desaturase, a rate-limiting step which converts dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA; delta8,11, 14-20:3) to AA.

Dietary influences on endocrine-inflammatory interactions in prostate cancer development.

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. The focus of this review is to define the relationship between hormonal (testosterone/estrogens) stimulation of chronic inflammation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and uncontrolled prostate cell proliferation, and review putative dietary chemoprevention strategies that focus on these processes. It has been proposed that elevated estrogen in men who already have high blood testosterone are at high risk for prostate cancer.

Dietary zinc alters early inflammatory responses during cutaneous wound healing in weanling CD-1 mice.

Zinc deficiency is a well-known health problem associated with delayed wound healing, yet the precise mechanisms that underlie the delay remain unknown. We hypothesized that zinc deficiency delays wound healing as a result of decreased nuclear factor (NF)kappaB activation, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha], and a decrease in neutrophil infiltration during the early stage of cutaneous wound healing. We used a cutaneous, full-thickness excisional wound model in CD-1 mice to examine the rate of wound closure as well as mRNA levels of inhibitory (I)kappaBalpha, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha and infiltration of neutrophils at the wound site of mice fed a diet containing <1 (deficient), 50 (control), 500, or 1000 microg zinc/g diet.

5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol increases in human plasma exposed to cigarette smoke in vitro and in vivo.

We hypothesized that the high concentrations of reactive nitrogen species in cigarette smoke and the known stimulatory effects of cigarette smoke on the inflammatory immune systems would lead to the formation of 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol (NGT). In order to assess gamma-tocopherol nitration, human plasma was exposed in vitro to gas phase cigarette smoke (GPCS) or air for up to 6 h. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to quantitate NGT.

Ultraviolet radiation modulates nuclear factor kappa B activation in human lens epithelial cells.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a known risk factor for cataract, but the molecular mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We hypothesized that exposure to UVR would modulate the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) within the human lens epithelium, since NF-kappa B is a key regulator of cellular responses to UVR stress in other cell types. Human lens epithelial (HLE) cells were exposed to acute physiological doses of ultraviolet A (UVAR), B (UVBR), C (UVCR) radiation, or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and NF-kappa B activation was measured by electrophoretic shift assay (EMSA).

Dietary supplementation with cysteine prodrugs selectively restores tissue glutathione levels and redox status in protein-malnourished mice(1).

Protein malnutrition (PM) is a major health problem in the world. PM compromises antioxidant defense in the body. In particular, PM decreases tissue glutathione (GSH) levels.

Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues, lung lesions, and growth performance in feedlot cattle.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on growth performance, lung lesions, plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole (3MI), and 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN)-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues of feedlot cattle.

Animals: 256 crossbred steers; 64 cattle were used in experiment 1 and 192 cattle were used in experiment 2.

Procedures: A 2 X 2 factorial design was used for each experiment.