Management of Anal Fistula with Crohn's Disease.

Crohn's disease (CD) causes gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e., diarrhea and abdominal pain), systemic symptoms (i.

Syntactic structures in motion: investigating word order variations in verb-final (Korean) and verb-initial (Tongan) languages.

This study explored sentence processing in two typologically distinct languages: Korean, a verb-final language, and Tongan, a verb-initial language. The first experiment revealed that in Korean, sentences arranged in the scrambled OSV (Object, Subject, Verb) order were processed more slowly than those in the canonical SOV order, highlighting a scrambling effect. It also found that sentences with subject topicalization in the SOV order were processed as swiftly as those in the canonical form, whereas sentences with object topicalization in the OSV order were processed with speeds and accuracy comparable to scrambled sentences.

Sentential inference bridging between lexical/grammatical knowledge and text comprehension among native Chinese speakers learning Japanese.

The current study explored the role of sentential inference in connecting lexical/grammatical knowledge and overall text comprehension in foreign language learning. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), causal relationships were examined between four latent variables: lexical knowledge, grammatical knowledge, sentential inference, and text comprehension. The study analyzed 281 Chinese university students learning Japanese as a second language and compared two causal models: (1) the partially-mediated model, which suggests that lexical knowledge, grammatical knowledge, and sentential inference concurrently influence text comprehension, and (2) the wholly-mediated model, which posits that both lexical and grammatical knowledge impact sentential inference, which then further affects text comprehension.

Phonological encoding in Tongan: An experimental investigation.

This study is the first to report chronometric evidence on Tongan language production. It has been speculated that the mora plays an important role during Tongan phonological encoding. A mora follows the (C)V form, so /a/ and /ka/ (but not /k/) denote a mora in Tongan.

Parallelism Between Sentence Structure and Nominal Phrases in Japanese: Evidence from Scrambled Instrumental and Locative Adverbial Phrases.

The present study investigated the canonical position of instrumental and locative adverbial phrases in both Japanese sentences and noun phrases to determine whether the canonical positions are parallel. A series of sentence/phrase decision tasks were used to compare sentences with different word-orders, including sentences with SAdvOV (S is subject phrase, Adv adverb, O object phrase and V verb), AdvSOV, SAdvOV and SOAdvV word orders. SAdvOV word order was found to be the most quickly processed, for both instrumental adverbial (Experiment 1) and locative adverbial phrases (Experiment 2).

Facilitation of processing 'any/everyone' negative Japanese sentences using prosodic entrainment.

The present study examined how prosody affects Japanese speakers' processing of the polarity item 'any/everyone'. Upward (LHHH pitch) and downward (HLLL pitch) prosody for associates with negative and positive polarity, respectively. In Study 1, a corpus search showed that is more often associated with negative than positive polarity.

The Effect of Chinese Proficiency on Determining Temporal Adverb Position by Native Japanese Speakers Learning Chinese.

The present study aimed to investigate how native Japanese speakers learning Chinese choose preferred positions for temporal adverbs depending on their level of Chinese proficiency. A naturalness judgment task conducted on native Chinese speakers showed that the most natural position for Chinese temporal adverbs was before the subject and that placement after the locative prepositional phrase was incorrect. The same task applied to native Japanese speakers found the most natural position for Japanese temporal adverbs was also before the subject.

Phonological encoding in Vietnamese: An experimental investigation.

In English, Dutch, and other Germanic languages the initial phonological unit used in word production has been shown to be the phoneme; conversely, others have revealed that in Chinese this is the atonal syllable and in Japanese the mora. The current paper is, to our knowledge, the first to report chronometric data on Vietnamese phonological encoding. Vietnamese, a tonal language, is of interest as, despite its Austroasiatic roots, it has clear similarities with Chinese through extended contact over a prolonged period.

Long-term outcomes of single-incision versus multiport laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair: a single-institution experience of 186 consecutive cases.

Purpose: This retrospective study was conducted to compare the long-term outcomes of single-incision totally extraperitoneal (S-TEP) inguinal hernia repair and conventional multiport totally extraperitoneal (M-TEP) inguinal hernia repair.

Methods: The study population included 186 consecutive patients (S-TEP, n = 149; M-TEP, n = 37) who underwent elective surgery for inguinal hernia at Osaka Police Hospital between 2011 and 2013.

Results: No significant between-group difference was found in patient or hernia characteristics or in perioperative outcomes, with the exception of age (S-TEP group vs.

Pseudo-Entropy in Free Quantum Field Theories.

Pseudo-entropy is an interesting quantity with a simple gravity dual, which generalizes entanglement entropy such that it depends on both an initial and a final state. Here we reveal the basic properties of pseudo-entropy in quantum field theories by numerically calculating this quantity for a set of two-dimensional free-scalar field theories and the Ising spin chain. We extend the Gaussian method for pseudo-entropy in free-scalar theories with two parameters: mass m and dynamical exponent z.

[Single-Incision Laparoscopic Colectomy for Descending Colon Cancer in a Patient with a Horseshoe Kidney].

A 67-year-old woman presented with bloody stools to a local physician. Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a type 3 all-circumferential tumor at descending colon. She was diagnosed with descending colon cancer and referred to our hospital for surgery.

Entanglement Wedge Cross Section from the Dual Density Matrix.

We define a new information theoretic quantity called odd entanglement entropy (OEE) which enables us to compute the entanglement wedge cross section in holographic conformal field theories (CFTs). The entanglement wedge cross section has been introduced as a minimal cross section of the entanglement wedge, a natural generalization of the Ryu-Takayanagi surface. By using the replica trick, we explicitly compute the OEE for two-dimensional holographic CFT (three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space and planar Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black hole) and see agreement with the entanglement wedge cross section.

[A Comparative Study on Feasibility of SOX Therapy and SP Therapy with Short Hydration for Gastric Cancer in the Outpatient Setting].

We conducted a retrospective comparative study on feasibility of S-1/oxaliplatin(SOX)therapy and S-1/cisplatin therapy with short hydration(SP-SH)for gastric cancer in the outpatient setting. The subjects were patients with gastric cancer aged younger than 75 years who underwent SOX or SP-SH therapy at our hospital. There were 22 patients in the SOX group and 30 patients in the SP-SH group.

Primary Intrahepatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Histological Collision of Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive biliary tract malignancy. On histopathology, most tumors are adenocarcinomas, while squamous cell carcinoma of the biliary tract is extremely rare. CASE REPORT An 82-year-old male was admitted due to the detection of a space-occupying lesion at S6 of the liver.

Correction: Ambiguity in the processing of Mandarin Chinese relative clauses: One factor cannot explain it all.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Ambiguity in the processing of Mandarin Chinese relative clauses: One factor cannot explain it all.

This study addresses the question of whether native Mandarin Chinese speakers process and comprehend subject-extracted relative clauses (SRC) more readily than object-extracted relative clauses (ORC) in Mandarin Chinese. Presently, this has been a hotly debated issue, with various studies producing contrasting results. Using two eye-tracking experiments with ambiguous and unambiguous RCs, this study shows that both ORCs and SRCs have different processing requirements depending on the locus and time course during reading.

Disambiguation and Integration in Korean Relative Clause Processing.

Previous studies on Korean relative clauses (RC) show that, with respect to processing, object-extracted relative clauses (ORC) are more difficult to process at the head noun than subject-extracted relative clauses within temporarily ambiguous contexts. ORCs, however, are predicted by experience-based processing models to incur a greater processing cost during early processing stages at the RC verb, since it is a likely locus of disambiguation for RCs in Korean, and because ORCs are a less frequent structure. Consequently, the current study investigates whether processing difficulty for ORCs manifests itself at the RC verb using eye-tracking methods, a simple sentence structure and a sentential-decision task.

www.kanjidatabase.com: a new interactive online database for psychological and linguistic research on Japanese kanji and their compound words.

Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the 1945 officially standardized kanji (Japanese logographic characters) in the Jōyō kanji list (originally announced by the Japanese government in 1981). However, this list was extensively modified in 2010: five kanji were removed and 196 kanji were added; the latest revision of the list now has a total of 2136 kanji. Using an up-to-date corpus consisting of 11 years' worth of articles printed in the Mainichi Newspaper (2000-2010), we have constructed two novel databases that can be used in psychological research using the Japanese language: (1) a database containing a wide variety of properties on the latest 2136 Jōyō kanji, and (2) a novel database containing 27,950 two-kanji compound words (or jukugo).

The proximate phonological unit of Chinese-English bilinguals: proficiency matters.

An essential step to create phonology according to the language production model by Levelt, Roelofs and Meyer is to assemble phonemes into a metrical frame. However, recently, it has been proposed that different languages may rely on different grain sizes of phonological units to construct phonology. For instance, it has been proposed that, instead of phonemes, Mandarin Chinese uses syllables and Japanese uses moras to fill the metrical frame.

Pre- and post-head processing for single- and double-scrambled sentences of a head-final language as measured by the eye tracking method.

Using the eye-tracking method, the present study depicted pre- and post-head processing for simple scrambled sentences of head-final languages. Three versions of simple Japanese active sentences with ditransitive verbs were used: namely, (1) SO₁O₂V canonical, (2) SO₂O₁V single-scrambled, and (3) O₁O₂SV double-scrambled order. First pass reading times indicated that the third noun phrase just before the verb in both single- and double-scrambled sentences required longer reading times compared to canonical sentences.

The multiple pronunciations of Japanese kanji: a masked priming investigation.

English words with an inconsistent grapheme-to-phoneme conversion or with more than one pronunciation ("homographic heterophones"; e.g., "lead"-/lεd/, /lid/) are read aloud more slowly than matched controls, presumably due to competition processes.

Factor structure of the Korean version of Wong and Law's Emotional Intelligence Scale.

This study reports the factor structure of a Korean version of the 16-item Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) for a sample of 161 Korean university students. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor model of the WLEIS: (1) self-emotional appraisal, (2) others' emotional appraisal, (3) use of emotion, and (4) regulation of emotion. However, improvement of the model fit after removing three items suggests the need for future research on the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the WLEIS.

The functional unit of Japanese word naming: evidence from masked priming.

Theories of language production generally describe the segment as the basic unit in phonological encoding (e.g., Dell, 1988; Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999).

Transcriptome analysis of parallel-evolved Escherichia coli strains under ethanol stress.

Background: Understanding ethanol tolerance in microorganisms is important for the improvement of bioethanol production. Hence, we performed parallel-evolution experiments using Escherichia coli cells under ethanol stress to determine the phenotypic changes necessary for ethanol tolerance.

Results: After cultivation of 1,000 generations under 5% ethanol stress, we obtained 6 ethanol-tolerant strains that showed an approximately 2-fold increase in their specific growth rate in comparison with their ancestor.