Cross-species drug metabolism and impact of metabolic stability testing under anaerobic condition on predicting pharmacokinetics of keto-enol containing compound in humans.

After oral administration of [C]-S-1360 in rats and dogs, [C]-S-1360 was absorbed rapidly and the bioavailability was 93.7% in rats and 75.1% in dogs.

Optical frequency domain angle measurement in a femtosecond laser autocollimator.

A mode-locked laser autocollimator, in which a group of first-order diffracted beams from a grating reflector are detected by an autocollimation unit, has an expanded angle measurement range compared with a conventional autocollimator using a single-wavelength laser source. In this paper, a new optical frequency domain angle measurement method is proposed to increase the visibility of output signal of the mode-locked femtosecond laser autocollimator, which is limited by the overlap of the focused diffracted light spots. The output visibility of a prototype femtosecond laser autocollimator has been increased by the proposed method to approximately 100% over a large range of 21600 arc-seconds.

Design, development, and evaluation of a novel microneedle array-based continuous glucose monitor.

The development of accurate, minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices has been the subject of much work by several groups, as it is believed that a less invasive and more user-friendly device will result in greater adoption of CGM by persons with insulin-dependent diabetes. This article presents the results of preliminary clinical studies in subjects with diabetes of a novel prototype microneedle-based continuous glucose monitor. In this device, an array of tiny hollow microneedles is applied into the epidermis from where glucose in interstitial fluid (ISF) is transported via passive diffusion to an amperometric glucose sensor external to the body.

Polysaccharide-hair cationic polypeptide nanogels: self-assembly and enzymatic polymerization of amylose primer-modified cholesteryl poly(L-lysine).

In this study, we prepared a new associating polymer, ChMaPLL, by the substitution of the poly(L-lysine) moiety with oligosaccharide amylose primer and cholesterol. ChMaPLL formed positively charged polypeptide nanogels (~50 nm) via self-assembly in water. The nanogels showed a secondary structural transition to an α-helix structure induced by poly(L-lysine) in response to an increase in pH.

Effect of formulation factors on electroosmotic glucose transport through human skin in vivo.

Glucose transport through human skin can be facilitated by electroosmotic flow that results from the application of an electric current across the skin (iontophoresis). A series of studies on human volunteers examined how formulation factors (buffer type, pH, ionic strength, and buffer concentration) affect the amount of glucose extracted from interstitial fluid through the skin. Sampling cells were placed on subjects' forearms and a current of 0.

Rates of glucose change measured by blood glucose meter and the GlucoWatch Biographer during day, night, and around mealtimes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution of the rate of change of blood glucose for a diabetic population.

Research Design And Methods: The study population consisted of 124 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes requiring insulin. Study participants applied a GlucoWatch Biographer during the day at home for 5 consecutive days and took finger-prick blood glucose measurements hourly.

The effect of preapplication of corticosteroids on skin irritation and performance of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer.

Skin irritation due to iontophoresis may limit the frequency of use of devices for drug delivery or transdermal extraction of analytes of clinical interest. This study examined whether preapplication of corticosteroid preparations could reduce skin irritation from iontophoresis used by the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA) in monitoring interstitial glucose levels frequently and automatically.

Use of the GlucoWatch biographer in children and adolescents with diabetes.

Objective: This study was done to evaluate the accuracy and safety of measuring glucose with the GlucoWatch biographer in children and adolescents with diabetes.

Methods: Accuracy was assessed by comparing biographer glucose measurements with hourly blood glucose measurements using the HemoCue (Aktiebolaget Leo, Helsingborg, Sweden) Photometer for up to 12 h of monitoring. Safety was evaluated by examining the biographer application sites immediately upon removal of the devices, and then at regular intervals.

Physiological differences between interstitial glucose and blood glucose measured in human subjects.

Objective: This study investigated whether glucose readings from a sensor sampling in interstitial fluid differ substantially from blood glucose (BG) values measured at the same time.

Research Design And Methods: We have evaluated the relationship between BG and glucose extracted from interstitial fluid using the GlucoWatch (Cygnus, Redwood City, CA) biographer, a device that collects glucose from subcutaneous interstitial space through intact skin by application of a low electric current. We evaluated the relative change in the interstitial glucose (IG) signal (IGS) as measured by the biographer versus BG using a normalized two-point sensitivity index (NSI).

Use of the GlucoWatch biographer in children with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To determine whether use of the GlucoWatch biographer improves glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: Forty children in poor glucose control (glycohemoglobin [HbA1c] >8%) were randomized to diabetes management with or without glucose monitoring using the biographer. Conventional glucose monitoring was performed 4 times daily in both groups.

A new generic column switching system for quantitation in cassette dosing using LC/MS/MS.

Cassette dosing is a method in which multiple drugs are administered to a single animal at the same time, and the plasma concentrations of the individual compounds are simultaneously determined. This method enables high-throughput rapid screening for pharmacokinetic assessment of new drug candidates. An available gradient method was modified for cassette dosing analysis to attain the advantages of high sensitivity and applicability to a wide range of compounds.

Surgically treated pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor.

We report 2 cases diagnosed as so-called pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor. In case 1, a 28-year-old man with a slow growing 6-cm pulmonary tumor who underwent a right upper lobectomy was diagnosed with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. In case 2, a 55-year-old man with chest pain and cough, who underwent open lung biopsy was diagnosed with plasma cell granuloma.

Glucose monitoring by reverse iontophoresis.

Glucose can be extracted through intact skin by electro-osmotic flow (a process called 'reverse iontophoresis') upon the application of a low-level electrical current. Recently we have combined iontophoretic extraction with an in situ glucose sensor in a device called the GlucoWatch biographer. Clinical results with this device show close tracking of blood glucose over a range of 2.

Endobronchial metastasis from prostate cancer.

We describe a case of endobronchial metastasis from prostate cancer originally diagnosed as primary bronchogenic carcinoma. We conducted a sleeve lobectomy and determined a final diagnosis using a serumprostate-specific antigen and immunohistochemical studies.

Clinical evaluation of the GlucoWatch biographer: a continual, non-invasive glucose monitor for patients with diabetes.

A device providing frequent, automatic, and non-invasive glucose measurements for persons with diabetes has been developed: the GlucoWatch biographer. This device extracts glucose through intact skin via reverse iontophoresis where it is detected by an amperometric biosensor. The biographer can provide glucose readings every 20 min for 12 h.

Effect of acetaminophen on the accuracy of glucose measurements obtained with the GlucoWatch biographer.

Background: Improved glycemic control significantly reduces long-term microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus associated with chronic hyperglycemia. The GlucoWatch biographer is designed to facilitate intensive diabetes management by providing automatic, frequent, and noninvasive glucose readings up to three times per hour for as long as 12 hours.

Methods: The device extracts glucose through intact skin using reverse iontophoresis and measures the extracted glucose with an electrochemical biosensor.

Detection of hypoglycemia with the GlucoWatch biographer.

Objective: Hypoglycemia is a common acute complication of diabetes therapy. The GlucoWatch biographer provides frequent and automatic glucose measurements with an adjustable low-glucose alarm. We have analyzed the performance of the biographer low-glucose alarm relative to hypoglycemia as defined by blood glucose < or = 3.

The GlucoWatch biographer: a frequent automatic and noninvasive glucose monitor.

The GlucoWatch (Cygnus, Inc, Redwood City, CA, USA) biographer provides automatic, frequent and noninvasive blood glucose measurements for up to 12 h. The device extracts glucose through intact skin where it is measured by an amperometric biosensor. Clinical trials in a variety of environments have shown that the biographer provides accurate and precise glucose measurements when compared with serial fingerstick blood glucose measurements.

In vitro and in vivo degradation of porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams.

This study investigated the in vitro degradation of porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) foams during a 20-week period in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C and their in vivo degradation following implantation in rat mesentery for up to 8 weeks. Three types of PLGA 85 : 15 and three types of 50 : 50 foams were fabricated using a solvent-casting, particulate-leaching technique.

In vitro degradation of porous poly(L-lactic acid) foams.

This study investigated the in vitro degradation of porous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) foams during a 46-week period in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C. Four types of PLLA foams were fabricated using a solvent-casting, particulate-leaching technique.

Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team.

Context: Intensive diabetes management using frequent blood glucose measurements to guide therapy has been shown to significantly improve short- and long-term outcomes. Development of a device that makes possible frequent, automatic, painless, and accurate measurements of glucose would facilitate intensive management.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of the GlucoWatch automatic glucose biographer (Cygnus Inc) compared with that of serial blood glucose measurements.

Correlation of fingerstick blood glucose measurements with GlucoWatch biographer glucose results in young subjects with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare measurements of glucose obtained via iontophoretic extraction with the GlucoWatch automatic glucose biographer (Cygnus, Inc., Redwood City, CA) with capillary blood glucose values that were determined 1) in a controlled outpatient clinic setting and 2) in a home setting.

Research Design And Methods: There were 76 GlucoWatch biographers used on 28 different young adults (21 women and 7 men) with type 1 diabetes (age 30.