Fangs and foliage: Unearthing the haemotoxic secrets of cannabis-dwelling rattlesnakes.

Despite a recent surge in high-throughput venom research that has enabled many species to be studied, some snake venoms remain understudied. The long-tailed rattlesnakes (Crotalus ericsmithi, C. lannomi, and C.

The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity of , and Venoms In Vitro.

Despite antivenoms being the only established specific treatment for neuromuscular paralysis arising from snake envenoming, their ability to reverse the post-synaptic neurotoxicity in snake envenoming is poorly understood. We investigated the ability of five commercial antivenoms i.e.

Isolation and Characterization of Two Postsynaptic Neurotoxins From Indian Cobra () Venom.

The Indian Cobra () is among the "Big Four" responsible for most of the snakebite envenoming cases in India. Although recent proteomic studies suggest the presence of postsynaptic neurotoxins in venom, little is known about the pharmacology of these toxins. We isolated and characterized α-Elapitoxin-Nn2a (α-EPTX-Nn2a; 7020 Da) and α-Elapitoxin-Nn3a (α-EPTX-Nn3a; 7807 Da), a short-chain and long-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin, respectively, which constitute 1 and 3% of venom.

Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Oh3a, a Long-Chain Post-Synaptic Neurotoxin From King Cobra () Venom.

The King Cobra () is the world's largest venomous snake and has a widespread geographical distribution throughout Southeast Asia. Despite proteomic studies indicating the presence of postsynaptic neurotoxins in venom, there are few pharmacological investigations of these toxins. We isolated and characterized α-elapitoxin-Oh3a (α-EPTX-Oh3a; 7,938 Da), a long-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin, which constitutes 5% of venom.

Extensive Variation in the Activities of and Viper Venoms Suggests Divergent Envenoming Strategies Are Used for Prey Capture.

Snakes of the genera and (Viperidae: Viperinae) are known as the desert vipers due to their association with the arid environments of the Middle East. These species have received limited research attention and little is known about their venom or ecology. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of desert viper venoms was conducted by visualising the venom proteomes via gel electrophoresis and assessing the crude venoms for their cytotoxic, haemotoxic, and neurotoxic properties.

In Vitro Neurotoxicity of Chinese Krait () Venom and Neutralization by Antivenoms.

, the Chinese krait, is a highly venomous elapid snake which causes considerable morbidity and mortality in southern China. venom contains pre-synaptic PLA neurotoxins (i.e.

Widespread and Differential Neurotoxicity in Venoms from the Bitis Genus of Viperid Snakes.

Research into the neurotoxic activity of venoms from species within the snake family Viperidae is relatively neglected compared with snakes in the Elapidae family. Previous studies into venoms from the Bitis genus of vipers have identified the presence of presynaptic phospholipase A neurotoxins in B. atropos and B.

Assessing the Binding of Venoms from Aquatic Elapids to the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Orthosteric Site of Different Prey Models.

The evolution of an aquatic lifestyle from land dwelling venomous elapids is a radical ecological modification, bringing about many evolutionary changes from morphology to diet. Diet is an important ecological facet which can play a key role in regulating functional traits such as venom composition and prey-specific targeting of venom. In addition to predating upon novel prey (e.

An Examination of the Neutralization of In Vitro Toxicity of Chinese Cobra () Venom by Different Antivenoms.

The Chinese Cobra () is an elapid snake of major medical importance in southern China. We describe the in vitro neurotoxic, myotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of venom, as well as examining the efficacy of three Chinese monovalent antivenoms ( antivenom, antivenom and antivenom) and an Australian polyvalent snake antivenom. In the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, venom (1-10 µg/mL) abolished indirect twitches in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as abolishing contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine chloride (ACh) and carbamylcholine chloride (CCh), indicative of post-synaptic neurotoxicity.

Isolation and pharmacological characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Na1a, a novel short-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Chinese Cobra (Naja atra).

The Chinese Cobra (Naja atra) is an elapid snake of major medical importance in southern China. Although previous studies have shown that postsynaptic neurotoxins account for 11-23% of N. atra venom, envenomed patients do not display marked signs of neurotoxicity.