Short-Term Excess Healthcare Costs Associated with Cardiovascular Events Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Israel: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: The aim was to characterise the short-term (up to 12 months) direct economic burden of new cardiovascular (CV) events among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Israel.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study utilising the electronic health records of the Maccabi Healthcare Services, adults aged ≥ 21 years with T2D who experienced their first CV event (2013-2016) were identified via adjudicated enrolment in a CV registry. Wilcoxon rank-sum test estimated excess healthcare resource utilisation in three periods after the CV event: immediate (1 month; for all patients), acute (3 months; for survivors of 1 month of follow-up) and short-term (12 months; for survivors of 3 months of follow-up).

Elevated Costs and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Established Cardiovascular Disease in Israel.

Objectives: To evaluate excess healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs among patients with both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and established cardiovascular disease (CVD) relative to those with T2D only, in Israel.

Methods: A retrospective, observational, cohort study of adult patients with T2D from the Maccabi Healthcare Services in Israel who enrolled in a cardiovascular registry between 2013 and 2016 (pre-index date period). Patients with established CVD between 2013 and 2016 were propensity matched 1:2 to control patients without established CVD.

Site-directed decapsulation of bolaamphiphilic vesicles with enzymatic cleavable surface groups.

Stable nano-sized vesicles with a monolayer encapsulating membrane were prepared from novel bolaamphiphiles with choline ester head groups. The head groups were covalently bound to the alkyl chain of the bolaamphiphiles either via the nitrogen atom of the choline moiety, or via the choline ester's methyl group. Both types of bolaamphiphiles competed with acetylthiocholine for binding to acetylcholine esterase (AChE), yet, only the choline ester head groups bound to the alkyl chain via the nitrogen atom of the choline moiety were hydrolyzed by the enzyme.

Cationic vesicles from novel bolaamphiphilic compounds.

Effective targeted drug delivery by cationic liposomes is difficult to achieve because of their rapid clearance from the blood circulation. Bolaamphiphiles that form monolayer membrane may provide vesicles with improved stability, as shown for archaeosomes. We investigated a series of bolaamphiphiles with acetylcholine head groups and systematic structural changes in their hydrophobic domain for their ability to form stable nanovesicles.