Kinematics and hydrodynamics analyses of swimming penguins: wing bending improves propulsion performance.

Penguins are adapted to underwater life and have excellent swimming abilities. Although previous motion analyses revealed their basic swimming characteristics, the details of the 3D wing kinematics, wing deformation and thrust generation mechanism of penguins are still largely unknown. In this study, we recorded the forward and horizontal swimming of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at an aquarium with multiple underwater action cameras and then performed a 3D motion analysis.

Critical role of the CD44CD62L CD8 T cell subset in restoring antitumor immunity in aged mice.

CD8 T cells play a central role in antitumor immune responses that kill cancer cells directly. In aged individuals, CD8 T cell immunity is strongly suppressed, which is associated with cancer and other age-related diseases. The mechanism underlying this age-related decrease in immune function remains largely unknown.