What is the Most Suitable Time Period to Assess the Time Trends in Cancer Incidence Rates to Make Valid Predictions--an Empirical Approach.

Projections of cancer cases are particularly useful in developing countries to plan and prioritize both diagnostic and treatment facilities. In the prediction of cancer cases for the future period say after 5 years or after 10 years, it is imperative to use the knowledge of past time trends in incidence rates as well as in population at risk. In most of the recently published studies the duration for which the time trend was assessed was more than 10 years while in few studies the duration was between 5-7 years.

A model approach to calculate cancer prevalence from 5 years survival data for selected cancer sites in India--part II.

Objective: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is often difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. An attempt is made to arrive at the complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect of selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 year cancer survival data available for selected registries of India.

Additive properties of crude, age specific and age adjusted rates for cancer incidence and mortality.

Background: In National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) reports, various rates are routinely provided for 50 cancer sites of males and 54 cancer sites of females. Very often, depending on our interest, we wish to see these rates for group of cancers like head and neck cancers, oral cancers, and reproductive cancers. In such a situation, the desired rates are calculated independently from the actual data and reported.

Pattern of reproductive cancers in India.

Reproductive cancers are those that affect the human organs that are involved in producing offspring. An attempt is made in the present communication to assess the magnitude and pattern of reproductive cancers, including their treatment modalities, in India. The cancer incidence data related to reproductive cancers collected by five population-based urban registries, namely Bangalore, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai, for the years 2006-08 were utilized.

A model approach to calculate cancer prevalence from 5 year survival data for selected cancer sites in India.

Background: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow- up facilities, it is difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area.

Objective: An attempt was here made to arrive at complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect to selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 years cancer survival data available for selected population-based registries.

An alternative approach to study the changes in the cancer pattern of men in India (1988-2005).

Background: Changes in cancer pattern are often studied with regard to rank of leading sites, variation in age adjusted rates of sites over the time or with the help of time trends. However, these methods do not quantify the changes in relation to overall changes that occurred in the total cancer cases over the period of time. An alternative approach is therefore necessary, particularly to identify emerging new cancers.

An alternative approach to study the changes in the cancer pattern of women in India (1988-2005).

Background: The changes in the cancer pattern are often studied with the help of changes in the rank of leading sites, changes in the Age Adjusted Rates of the sites over the time or with the help of time trends. However, these methods do not quantify the changes in relation to overall changes that occurred in the total cancer cases over the period of time. An alternative approach was therefore used to assess the changes in cancer pattern in relation to overall changes in time and also an attempt was made to identify the most emerging new cancers in India.

Projections of number of cancer cases in India (2010-2020) by cancer groups.

Introduction: Recently, NCRP (ICMR), Bangalore, has published a report on Time Trends in Cancer Incidence Rates. The report also provided projected numbers of cancer cases at the India country level for selected leadingsites.

Objective: In the present paper, an attempt has been made to project cancer cases for India by sex, years and cancer groups.

Problem of small numbers in reporting of cancer incidence and mortality rates in Indian cancer registries.

The present paper examines the problem of small numbers (<20 cases) associated with many sites of cancers in Indian cancer registries. The cancer incidence data of 14 Population Based Cancer Registries for the periods of 2001-03 and 2004-05 were utilized for the analysis. Nine out of 14 registries had more than 50% of their sites being associated with small numbers while seven registries had 50% of their sites having as low as 5 cases.

Cancer incidence rates and the problem of denominators - a new approach in Indian cancer registries.

In India, the national census provides population figures once every 10 years. However, since cancer incidence data provide various rates for five year age groups, the calculation of the relevant population estimates for a given year between any two-census years, serving as denominators, assumes importance. The Individual Exponential Growth Rate Method is in current use by various Indian cancer registries to estimate the population by five yearly age groups.

Time trend in breast and cervix cancer of women in India - (1990-2003).

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) started a National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) in the year 1982 with the main objective of generating reliable data on the magnitude and pattern of cancer in India. There are about 20 Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCR) which are currently functioning under the network of NCRP. The present paper aims to provide the time trends in the incidence of breast and cervix cancer among females of India.

An indirect study of cancer survival in the context of developing countries.

With classical approaches, survival refers to the life of a person after diagnosis of disease, and survival studies deal with measurement of the same to evaluate overall performance of a group of patients in terms of quality and quantity of life after diagnosis/treatment. There are numerous difficulties in the conduct of a population-based survival study in the context of developing countries, including India. Loss to follow-up is a typical problem encountered, causing biased estimates.

Early biochemical alterations in manganese toxicity: ameliorating effects of magnesium nitrate and vitamins.

Manganese-induced early biochemical changes and effects of supplementation of magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) and antioxidant vitamins (A, C, D and E) were studied in rats intoxicated with manganese. Significant elevation in the level of chlorides in plasma, erythrocytes, liver and cerebellum, and a decrease in plasma inorganic phosphate (pi) with an increase in liver pi were observed in animals exposed to manganese as compared to controls. The level of erythrocyte-acid labile phosphate (ALP), nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide (NAD+) and plasma sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) also increased significantly.

An accident-risk assessment study of temporary piece rated workers.

An occupational injury surveillance study (record study of five years duration) was conducted involving the workers of a fertilizer producing industry in eastern India to assess whether the risk of occupational accidents in temporary piece rated workers was higher in comparison to the permanent time rated workers. At the same time, to collect the personal details of the workers who have worked in the industry in the study period, an interview was also conducted. Mean age of temporary piece rated workers and permanent time rated workers were (35.