Association of endotheliopathy with coagulofibrinolytic reactions and disseminated intravascular coagulation after trauma: a retrospective observational study.

We carried out a retrospective observational investigation to explore the association of endotheliopathy with coagulofibrinolytic reactions and the progression of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in adult trauma patients. We measured syndecan-1 (SDC-1), an indicator of endotheliopathy, and biomarkers of coagulofibrinolysis in 100 trauma patients immediately transferred to Ehime University Hospital. We evaluated the correlations between the coagulofibrinolytic parameters and SDC-1.

Coevolution of norm psychology and cooperation through exapted conformity.

People willingly follow norms and values, often incurring material costs. This behaviour supposedly stems from evolved norm psychology, contributing to large-scale cooperation among humans. It has been argued that cooperation is influenced by two types of norms: injunctive and descriptive.

Risk preference as an outcome of evolutionarily adaptive learning mechanisms: An evolutionary simulation under diverse risky environments.

The optimization of cognitive and learning mechanisms can reveal complicated behavioral phenomena. In this study, we focused on reinforcement learning, which uses different learning rules for positive and negative reward prediction errors. We attempted to relate the evolved learning bias to the complex features of risk preference such as domain-specific behavior manifests and the relatively stable domain-general factor underlying behaviors.

Hierarchical structures emerge from the cultural transmission: an iterated learning experiment using a non-linguistic task.

Human language is characterized by complex structural features, such as the hierarchical combination of words to form sentences. Although other animals use communication systems, empirical evidence of hierarchical structures is rare. Computational studies of language evolution have suggested that cultural transmission plays a key role in the emergence of structural features in human languages, including hierarchy.

Conditions under which faithful cultural transmission through teaching promotes cumulative cultural evolution.

It has been argued that teaching promotes the accurate transmission of cultural traits and eventually leads to cumulative cultural evolution (CCE). However, previous studies have questioned this argument. In this study, we modified the action sequences model into a network exploring model with reinforcement learning to examine the conditions under which teaching promotes CCE.

Generalized morality culturally evolves as an adaptive heuristic in large social networks.

Why do people assume that a generous person should also be honest? Why do we even use words like "moral" and "immoral"? We explore these questions with a new model of how people perceive moral character. We propose that people vary in the extent to which they perceive moral character as "localized" (varying along many contextually embedded dimensions) versus "generalized" (varying along a single dimension from morally bad to morally good). This variation might be partly the product of cultural evolutionary adaptations to different kinds of social networks.

Aspects for development of novel antibacterial medicines using a vitamin D decomposition product in Helicobacter pylori infection.

A previous study by our group demonstrated that a vitamin D decomposition product (VDP1) acts as the selective bactericidal substance on Helicobacter pylori. VDP1 is an indene compound modified with a carbonyl and an alkyl. The alkyl of VDP1 turned out to be a mandatory structure to exert effective bactericidal action on H.

Observation of Magnetic Domains in Amorphous Magnetic Wires with a Diameter of 10 μm Used in GSR Sensors.

The core of a Gigahertz Spin Rotation (GSR) sensor, a compact and highly sensitive magnetic sensor, is composed of Co-Fe-based amorphous magnetic wire with a diameter of 10 μm. Observations of the magnetic domain structure showed that this magnetic wire has unusual magnetic noise characteristics. Bamboo-shaped magnetic domains a few hundred micrometers in width were observed to form inside the wire, and smaller domains a few micrometers across were observed to form inside these larger domains.

At-home saliva sampling in healthy adults using CandyCollect, a lollipop-inspired device.

Respiratory infections are common in children, and there is a need for user-friendly collection methods. Here, we performed the first human subjects study using the CandyCollect device, a lollipop inspired saliva collection device. We showed the CandyCollect device can be used to collect salivary bacteria from healthy adults using and as proof-of-concept commensal bacteria.

An open microfluidic coculture model of fibroblasts and eosinophils to investigate mechanisms of airway inflammation.

Interactions between fibroblasts and immune cells play an important role in tissue inflammation. Previous studies have found that eosinophils activated with interleukin-3 (IL-3) degranulate on aggregated immunoglobulin G (IgG) and release mediators that activate fibroblasts in the lung. However, these studies were done with eosinophil-conditioned media that have the capacity to investigate only one-way signaling from eosinophils to fibroblasts.

At-home blood collection and stabilization in high temperature climates using RNA.

Expanding whole blood sample collection for transcriptome analysis beyond traditional phlebotomy clinics will open new frontiers for remote immune research and telemedicine. Determining the stability of RNA in blood samples exposed to high ambient temperatures (>30°C) is necessary for deploying home-sampling in settings with elevated temperatures (e.g.

CandyCollect: at-home saliva sampling for capture of respiratory pathogens.

is a major human-specific bacterial pathogen and a common cause of a wide range of symptoms from mild infection such as pharyngitis (commonly called strep throat) to life-threatening invasive infection and post-infectious sequelae. Traditional methods for diagnosis include collecting a sample using a pharyngeal swab, which can cause discomfort and even discourage adults and children from seeking proper testing and treatment in the clinic. Saliva samples are an alternative to pharyngeal swabs.

Modality differences in ERP components between somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms in prepubescent children.

We investigated modality differences in the N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials (ERPs) between somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms in eighteen healthy prepubescent children (mean age: 125.9±4.2 months).

Antibacterial effect of indene on Helicobacter pylori correlates with specific interaction between its compound and dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine.

Recent studies by our group have suggested that the vitamin D decomposition product VDP1 [(1R,3aR,7aR)-1-[(1R)-1,5-dimethylhexyl]octahydro-7a-methyl-4H-inden-4-one] confers the potent bactericidal action to Helicobacter pylori by targeting the membranal dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (di-14:0 PE). In this study we synthesized a new VDP1 derivative to advance further investigation as for the correlative relationship between VDP1 structure and anti-H. pylori activity or PE vesicle collapse induction activity.

Differences in characteristics of somatosensory evoked potentials between children and adults.

The present study examined the characteristics of somatosensory processing in healthy prepubescent children (mean age: 124.9 ± 3.8 months) compared with young adults.

Cultural Differences in Strength of Conformity Explained Through Pathogen Stress: A Statistical Test Using Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation.

The severity of the environment has been found to have played a selective pressure in the development of human behavior and psychology, and the historical prevalence of pathogens relate to cultural differences in group-oriented psychological mechanisms, such as collectivism and conformity to the in-group. However, previous studies have also proposed that the effectiveness of institutions, rather than pathogen stress, can account for regional variation in group-oriented psychological mechanisms. Moreover, previous studies using nations as units of analysis may have suffered from a problem of statistical non-independence, namely, Galton's problem.

Pancreatic Fistula Extending into the Thigh Caused by the Rupture of an Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Adenoma of the Pancreas.

We herein report the first case of a pancreatic fistula extending into the thigh caused by the rupture of an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. An 80-year-old man was suspected to have necrotizing fasciitis because of right femoral pain. Computed tomography showed fluid retention from the pancreatic head to the right iliopsoas muscle and an IPMN at the pancreatic head.

Reinforcement learning accounts for moody conditional cooperation behavior: experimental results.

In social dilemma games, human participants often show conditional cooperation (CC) behavior or its variant called moody conditional cooperation (MCC), with which they basically tend to cooperate when many other peers have previously cooperated. Recent computational studies showed that CC and MCC behavioral patterns could be explained by reinforcement learning. In the present study, we use a repeated multiplayer prisoner's dilemma game and the repeated public goods game played by human participants to examine whether MCC is observed across different types of game and the possibility that reinforcement learning explains observed behavior.

Clinical implications of doubling time of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of doubling time (DT) of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (GIST).

Methods: From April 1987 through November 2012, a total of 323 patients were given a final histopathological diagnosis of GISTs on surgical resection or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in Kitasato University East Hospital or Kitasato University Hospital. We studied 53 of these patients (34 with resected tumors and 19 with unresected tumors) whose tumors could be measured on EUS on at least two successive occasions.

Reinforcement Learning Explains Conditional Cooperation and Its Moody Cousin.

Direct reciprocity, or repeated interaction, is a main mechanism to sustain cooperation under social dilemmas involving two individuals. For larger groups and networks, which are probably more relevant to understanding and engineering our society, experiments employing repeated multiplayer social dilemma games have suggested that humans often show conditional cooperation behavior and its moody variant. Mechanisms underlying these behaviors largely remain unclear.

Disproportionately Enlarged Subarachnoid Space Hydrocephalus in Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus and Its Implication in Pathogenesis.

Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) has become socially significant in Japan. Japanese guidelines for iNPH in 2011 described the diagnostic importance of "disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus" (DESH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, some patients with iNPH have equivocal or no features of DESH.

Transient nature of cooperation by pay-it-forward reciprocity.

Humans often forward kindness received from others to strangers, a phenomenon called the upstream or pay-it-forward indirect reciprocity. Some field observations and laboratory experiments found evidence of pay-it-forward reciprocity in which chains of cooperative acts persist in social dilemma situations. Theoretically, however, cooperation based on pay-it-forward reciprocity is not sustainable.