Theory of mind tested by implicit false belief: a simple and full-fledged mental state attribution.

About 40 years have passed since 'theory of mind (ToM)' research started. The false-belief test is used as a litmus test for ToM ability. The implicit false-belief test has renewed views of ToM in several disciplines, including psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.

Influence of Atomoxetine on Relationship Between ADHD Symptoms and Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Task Execution in Adult Patients.

: We conducted this non-randomized prospective interventional study to clarify the relationship between improved attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and regional brain activity. : Thirty-one adult patients underwent near-infrared spectroscopy examinations during a go/no-go task, both before and 8 weeks after atomoxetine administration. : Clinical symptoms, neuropsychological results of the go/no-go task, and bilateral lateral prefrontal activity significantly changed.

The lowest effective plasma concentration of atomoxetine in pediatric patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A non-randomized prospective interventional study.

Background: Atomoxetine (ATX) is used as a first-line, non-stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although no studies have systematically examined the relationship between plasma concentration and clinical efficacy. We conducted this non-randomized prospective interventional study to examine the relationship between plasma concentration of ATX and clinical efficacy.

Methods: Forty-three ADHD pediatric patients received ATX, and the steady-state through plasma concentration of the last daily dose that was maintained for at least 4 weeks were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Macaques Exhibit Implicit Gaze Bias Anticipating Others' False-Belief-Driven Actions via Medial Prefrontal Cortex.

The ability to infer others' mental states is essential to social interactions. This ability, critically evaluated by testing whether one attributes false beliefs (FBs) to others, has been considered to be uniquely hominid and to accompany the activation of a distributed brain network. We challenge the taxon specificity of this ability and identify the causal brain locus by introducing an anticipatory-looking FB paradigm combined with chemogenetic neuronal manipulation in macaque monkeys.

Sex Differences in the Effect of Atomoxetine on the QT Interval in Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Background: The effects of atomoxetine on QT in adults remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether the use of atomoxetine to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults is associated with QT prolongation.

Methods: Forty-one subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were enrolled in this study.

Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics of Atomoxetine in Adult Japanese Patients With ADHD.

The objective was to reveal the relationship between dose and concentration of atomoxetine. Fifty-five blood samples of 33 patients with ADHD were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentrations were 53.

Whole-exome sequencing in a family with a monozygotic twin pair concordant for autism spectrum disorder and a follow-up study.

Two truncating variations (WDR90 V1125fs and EFCAB5 L1210fs), identified by whole-exome sequencing in a family with a monozygotic twin pair concordant for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), were not detected in 257 ASD patients, 677 schizophrenia patients or 667 controls in a follow-up study. Thus, these variations were exclusively identified in the family, suggesting that rare truncating variations may have a role in the genetic etiology of ASD, at least in a subset of ASD patients.

Novel rare missense variations and risk of autism spectrum disorder: whole-exome sequencing in two families with affected siblings and a two-stage follow-up study in a Japanese population.

Rare inherited variations in multiplex families with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are suggested to play a major role in the genetic etiology of ASD. To further investigate the role of rare inherited variations, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in two families, each with three affected siblings. We also performed a two-stage follow-up case-control study in a Japanese population.