An Autopsy Case of Metastatic Melanoma Originating from the Nasal Cavity That Was Treated With Nivolumab and Ipilimumab.

Background: Recent developments in antibodies targeting checkpoint molecules have improved the overall survival of patients with melanoma.

Case Report: A case of metastatic melanoma was treated with antibodies to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein 1. Stable disease was achieved but the patient died from systemic metastasis 23 months after the diagnosis of melanoma.

Phenotypic Changes in Macrophage Activation in a Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease using Microminipigs.

Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders associated with metabolic syndrome, and its prevalence has been on the rise. The pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been sufficiently elucidated due to the multifactorial nature of the disease, although the activation of macrophages/Kupffer cells is considered to be involved. We previously reported an animal model of NAFLD using Microminipigs (µMPs) fed high-fat diets containing cholesterol with or without cholic acid.

The expression of PD-1 ligands and IDO1 by macrophage/microglia in primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Recent progress in anti-tumor immunotherapy has focused on the significance of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and resistance to chemo/radio-therapy. Myeloid cells such as macrophages are predominant stromal components in hematological malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand expression in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) using PCNSL cell lines and human monocyte-derived macrophages.

CD163-positive cancer cells are potentially associated with high malignant potential in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

CD163 is preferentially expressed by monocyte/macrophages; however, recent studies using immunohistochemistry (IHC) have reported that some cancer cells also express CD163. In the present IHC study, we investigated CD163 staining of cancer cells and macrophages in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues and determined the relationship between cancer cell CD163 expression and clinical prognosis in patients with ccRCC. IHC for CD163 was performed in ccRCC tissues from 103 patients.

Optimum immunohistochemical procedures for analysis of macrophages in human and mouse formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

Macrophages are closely related to various diseases and it is therefore important that the properties of macrophages are adequately evaluated in human diseases and mouse disease models. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples is a very useful tool for examination of macrophages; however, an adequate IHC protocol is required for the examination of macrophage states. In this study, we assessed various antigen retrieval methods in order to devise the optimal protocols for staining of macrophages with a range of antibodies.

Concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein and TDP-43 in a patient with corticobasal degeneration.

Pathological changes in corticobasal degeneration (CBD) consist of abnormal deposition of the microtubule-associated protein tau. However, the simultaneous accumulation of different misfolded proteins in the brain can be observed in many neurodegenerative diseases with significantly longer disease durations. We encountered a patient with CBD who survived for an extremely long period (18 years) after the diagnosis.

Marked cardiomegaly in a patient with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy after orthotopic liver transplantation: a case study.

Hepatocyte-derived mutant amyloidogenic transthyretin (ATTR) causes familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), for which orthotopic liver transplantation is an established curative treatment. However, some patients with FAP have cardiac amyloidosis after transplantation. Here, we describe a man with an autonomic disorder diagnosed as FAP ATTR Val30Met and marked cardiomegaly after liver transplantation.

Imprint cytological feature of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder: a case report.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation showing aggressive clinical behavior. We herein report a case of gallbladder LCNEC, which was difficult to differentiate from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. An imprint cytology was very useful for the final diagnosis in this case.

Importance of direct macrophage-tumor cell interaction on progression of human glioma.

We previously showed tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) polarized to the M2 phenotype were significantly involved in tumor cell proliferation and poor clinical prognosis in patients with high grade gliomas. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between TAMs and tumor cells have been unclear. Current results reveal that, in coculture with human macrophages, BrdU incorporation was significantly elevated in glioma cells, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) activation was found in both cell types.

Suppression of TLR4-mediated inflammatory response by macrophage class A scavenger receptor (CD204).

The class A scavenger receptor (SR-A, CD204), one of the principal receptors expressed on macrophages, has been found to regulate inflammatory response and attenuate septic endotoxemia. However, the detailed mechanism of this process has not yet been well characterized. To clarify the regulative mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation by SR-A, we evaluated the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling molecules in SR-A-deficient (SR-A(-/-)) macrophages.

A case of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis with pulmonary fibrosis associated with MMP-9 related pulmonary remodeling.

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension. It is characterized capillary proliferation within the alveolar septa. Here, we report a case of PCH with extensive pulmonary fibrosis.

Involvement of M2-polarized macrophages in the ascites from advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma in tumor progression via Stat3 activation.

Ascites macrophages in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (AdEOC) are involved in cancer metastasis and progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment. However, the precise mechanisms of cell-to-cell interaction between macrophages and tumor cells are still unclear. This study focused on the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) which is a critical signal transduction molecule at a point of convergence for numerous oncogenic signaling pathways as well as controlling the M2-poralization of macrophages.

A leiomyomatoid angiomatous neuroendocrine tumor of the myometrium: case study with ultrastructural analysis.

Leiomyomatoid angiomatous neuroendocrine tumor (LANT) is a possible new disease entity that was described as a dimorphic neurosecretory tumor with a leiomyomatous vascular component; it was found in the pituitary. We describe here a second case of LANT in a 45-year-old woman with a myometrial tumor, diagnosed clinically as uterine leiomyoma. She underwent laparoscopic myomectomy.

Design and evaluation of S-nitrosylated human serum albumin as a novel anticancer drug.

In recent studies, the cytotoxic activity of NO has been investigated for its potential use in anticancer therapies. Nitrosated human serum albumin (NO-HSA) may act as a reservoir of NO in vivo. However, there are no published reports regarding the effects of NO-HSA on cancer.

Identification of bradykinin receptors in clinical cancer specimens and murine tumor tissues.

Bradykinin (BK) has multiple pathophysiologic functions such as induction of vascular permeability and mitogenesis, and it triggers the release of other mediators such as nitric oxide in inflammatory and cancer tissues. To explore the pathophysiologic roles of BK in tumor, we examined the distribution of BK B2 receptors in human adenocarcinoma (lung, stomach), lymphoma (lymph node), hepatoma, squamous cell carcinoma (lung) and carcinoid (duodenum), and in mouse colon adenocarcinoma 38 (C-38) and sarcoma 180 (S-180) tumor tissues. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissues with an anti-BK B2 receptor antibody, or autoradiography with the B2 receptor antagonist [125I]HOE 140 (D-Arg-[Hyp Thi D-Tic Oic8]-BK) and the B2 receptor agonist [3H]BK indicated the presence of B2 receptors in all human tumor cells and murine S-180 and C-38 cells.