A 58-Year-Old Man with a History of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Diagnosed with Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma and Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid.

BACKGROUND Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis is associated with thyroid MALT lymphoma, but co-existence with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been less commonly reported. In this case report, we describe a 58-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of hoarseness and an enlarged thyroid, and was diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, MALT lymphoma, and PTC.

Extensive brainstem lesions in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A case report.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease is a group of central nervous system demyelinating disorders caused by autoantibodies. While myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease typically presents as optic neuritis and myelitis in adults, this case report details a patient with brainstem lesions. A 45-year-old male presented with episodes of vertigo, nystagmus, and diplopia in left lateral gaze, which had persisted for 2 months, accompanied by headache.

Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Hippocampal Neuronal Damage Caused by Persistent Isoflurane-Induced Hypotension in Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on hypotension-induced neuronal damage in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) model of rats, an established model of cerebral white matter lesions (WML) in humans, which is prevalent in the elderly and closely related to cognitive decline. Methods The CCH model rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: normotension + no DEX (NN) group (n = 6), normotension + DEX (ND) group (n = 6), hypotension + no DEX (HN) group (n = 6), or hypotension + DEX (HD) group (n = 6). Under isoflurane anesthesia, mean arterial blood pressure was maintained at or above 80 mmHg (normotension) or below 60 mmHg (hypotension) for a duration of two hours.

Performance of Ultra-Rapid Idylla™ EGFR Mutation Test in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Potential at Clinical Molecular Screening.

Background: The Idylla™ EGFR Mutation Test is an ultra-rapid single-gene test that detects epidermal growth factor receptor () mutations using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Here, we compared the performance of the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test with the Cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2.

Methods: Surgically resected NSCLC specimens obtained at two Japanese institutions (N = 170) were examined.

Transient atypical lymphoplasmacytic proliferation of the endometrium associated with pyometra: a case report.

Plasmablastic lymphoma is a mature B-cell neoplasm with plasmablastic differentiation, often associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other forms of immunosuppression. Although it is usually an aggressive disease, spontaneous regression has been seen in a few cases. Plasmablastic lymphoma of the uterus is rare.

Performance of Idylla RAS-BRAF mutation test for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of colorectal cancer.

Background: The Biocartis Idylla platform is a fully automated, real-time PCR-based diagnostic system. The Idylla KRAS and NRAS-BRAF Mutation Tests have been developed for the qualitative detection of mutations in KRAS, NRAS and BRAF genes, facilitating the genomic profiling of patients with colorectal cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical performances of these tests in Japan.

Yolk Sac Tumor in a Recurrence of Colonic Adenocarcinoma With Shared Mutations in and Genes: A Case Report.

Only four cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma with a yolk sac tumor (YST) component have been reported in the English literature. No genetic investigation has been performed in these cases. We report a case of colorectal adenocarcinoma in which the recurrent tumor had a YST component.

α-Fetoprotein-Producing Endometrial Carcinoma Is Associated With Fetal Gut-Like and/or Hepatoid Morphology, Lymphovascular Infiltration, Abnormalities, and Poor Prognosis: Five Cases and Literature Review.

The clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics of α-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing endometrial carcinoma (AFP+ EC) are poorly understood. From 284 cases of endometrial carcinoma in our pathology archive, we identified five cases (1.8%) of AFP+ EC with fetal gut-like (4/5) and/or hepatoid (2/5) morphology.

Sorafenib treatment of metastatic melanoma with c-Kit aberration reduces tumor growth and promotes survival.

Melanomas are highly malignant tumors that readily metastasize and have poor prognosis. Targeted therapy is a cornerstone of treatment for patients with melanoma. Although c-Kit gene aberration has found in 5-10% of melanoma cases, research on c-Kit inhibitors for melanoma with c-Kit aberration have been disappointing.

FTI-277 and GGTI-289 induce apoptosis via inhibition of the Ras/ERK and Ras/mTOR pathway in head and neck carcinoma HEp-2 and HSC-3 cells.

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major malignancy worldwide. Ras overexpression in HNSCC is known to promote tumor cell growth; therefore, inhibition of Ras activation could lead to tumor growth suppression in HNSCC patients. Here, we investigated the effect of FTI-277, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, and GGTI-287, a geranyltransferase 1 inhibitor, on the Ras signaling pathway in HNSCC cell lines-HEp-2 and HSC-3.

Integrin-linked kinase pathway in heterogeneous pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is classified as poorly differentiated, and non-small cell lung carcinomas that contained a component of sarcoma or sarcoma-like differentiation are rare. The underlying carcinogenetic mechanism governing PSC remains unclear. The current study investigated the underlying carcinogenetic mechanism of PSC based on the hypothesis that it involves the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process.

The HGF/Met/NF-κB Pathway Regulates RANKL Expression in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.

Multiple myeloma (MM)-induced bone disease occurs through hyperactivation of osteoclasts by several factors secreted by MM cells. MM cell-secreted factors induce osteoclast differentiation and activation via direct and indirect actions including enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is elevated in MM patients and is associated with MM-induced bone disease, although the mechanism by which HGF promotes bone disease remains unclear.

Phase II Adjuvant Cancer-specific Vaccine Therapy for Esophageal Cancer Patients Curatively Resected After Preoperative Therapy With Pathologically Positive Nodes; Possible Significance of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in its Clinical Effects.

Objectives: To elucidate the efficacy of adjuvant vaccine monotherapy using 3 Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-A∗24-restricted tumor-specific peptide antigens for ESCC, upregulated lung cancer 10, cell division cycle associated 1, and KH domain-containing protein overexpressed in cancer 1.

Summary Of Background Data: ESCC patients with pathologically positive nodes (pN(+)) have a high risk for postoperative recurrence, despite curative resection after preoperative therapy. Subclinical micrometastases are an appropriate target for cancer vaccine.

AT9283 exhibits antiproliferative effect on tyrosine kinase inhibitor‑sensitive and ‑resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells by inhibition of Aurora A and Aurora B.

Imatinib is the gold standard in the conventional treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, some patients become resistant to imatinib therapy. To overcome this resistance, second‑generation (dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib) and third‑generation (ponatinib) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed and have been shown to be effective against refractory CML.

A Case of Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy Suggested by the Presence of Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood.

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is characterized by tumor cell microemboli with occlusive fibrointimal remodeling in small pulmonary vessels. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been implicated in the development of PTTM, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) promotes PDGF signaling via PDGF receptor β. We here describe a cancer patient who presented with dyspnea of uncertain etiology and whose condition worsened rapidly.

Dimethyl fumarate suppresses metastasis and growth of melanoma cells by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB.

Background: Malignant melanoma is among the deadliest forms of skin cancers, and its incidence has been increasing over the past decades. In malignant melanoma, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) promotes survival, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. Anti-NF-κB agents for treating metastatic melanoma would be beneficial, but no such drug is approved as either monotherapy or adjuvant therapy.

Controlling lymph node micrometastases by neoadjuvant chemotherapy affects the prognosis in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical significance of micrometastases after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and the difference in controlling micrometastases using different NAC regimens in resectable advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods: We analyzed patients with ESCC who underwent esophagectomy with lymph node dissection after NAC with Adriamycin + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil (ACF) or docetaxel + cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil (DCF). Micrometastasis was defined as a single isolated cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells on the cervical, recurrent nerve, or abdominal LNs as shown by immunohistochemical staining with anti-cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3).

Dasatinib reverses drug resistance by downregulating MDR1 and Survivin in Burkitt lymphoma cells.

Background: Current chemotherapies for Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have dramatically improved its clinical outcome. However, chemoresistance can lead to chemotherapy failure and very poor prognosis; thus, novel strategies are urgently required for patients with drug-resistant BL. To investigate the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in BL, we established drug-resistant BL cell lines: HS-Sultan/ADM (adriamycin-resistant), HS-Sultan/VCR (vincristine-resistant), HS-Sultan/DEX (dexamethasone-resistant), and HS-Sultan/L-PAM (melphalan-resistant).

Overactivation of Akt Contributes to MEK Inhibitor Primary and Acquired Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

RAS and BRAF-mutated colorectal cancers are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and poor prognosis, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies. Although these cancers sometimes respond to mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor treatment, they often acquire resistance via mechanisms, which are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanism of MEK inhibitor resistance in primary- and acquired-resistant cells.

Inhibition of HSP90 overcomes melphalan resistance through downregulation of Src in multiple myeloma cells.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy. In spite of the development of new therapeutic agents, MM remains incurable due to multidrug resistance (MDR) and the 5-year survival rate is approximately 50%. Thus, further study is needed to investigate the mechanism of MDR and improve MM prognosis.

Ectopic TWEAKR expression in type I fiber of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats is related to slow muscle-specific hypotrophy.

Aims: Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) show significantly lower body weight than normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Our hypotheses are as follows: weight loss of the skeletal muscle is related to hypertension-related diseases, and muscle hypotrophy is useful as a therapeutic target for hypertension and hypertension-related diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pathophysiological characteristics of muscle hypotrophy in SHRSP to determine the therapeutic target molecule(s).

Pathological Findings in Male Patients With Anti-N-methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease predominantly affects women (1:5-1:10), with only 3 reports of autopsy findings in women being published to date. The present study reports findings from the first autopsy performed on a man with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Pittsburgh Compound-B Uptake in Meningioma With Histopathologic Correlation.

Previous studies have reported increased Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB) uptake in meningiomas; however, histological correlation to elucidate the underlying mechanism has not yet been done. We report a case of an 82-year-old woman with an incidental intracranial tumor that showed focal increased PiB uptake. Because of tumor growth, surgical resection was performed, yielding a histological diagnosis of meningioma.