Standardization of a goal-oriented approach to acute cholecystitis: easy-to-follow steps for performing subtotal cholecystectomy.

Background: A critical view of safety (CVS) is important to ensure safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. When the CVS is not possible, subtotal cholecystectomy is performed. While considering subtotal cholecystectomy, surgeons are often concerned about preventing bile leakage from the cystic ducts.

Roles of porphyrin and iron metabolisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced accumulation of protoporphyrin and photodamage of tumor cells.

δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced porphyrin accumulation is widely used in the treatment of cancer, as photodynamic therapy. To clarify the mechanisms of the tumor-preferential accumulation of protoporphyrin, we examined the effect of the expression of heme-biosynthetic and -degradative enzymes on the ALA-induced accumulation of protoporphyrin as well as photodamage. The transient expression of heme-biosynthetic enzymes in HeLa cells caused variations of the ALA-induced accumulation of protoporphyrin.