Human Leukocyte Antigens and Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI-T1DM) is a rare critical entity. However, the etiology of ICI-T1DM remains unclear.

Methods: In order to elucidate risk factors for ICI-T1DM, we evaluated the clinical course and immunological status of patients with ICI-T1DM who had been diagnosed during 2016 to 2021.

Pneumonia Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza Virus: A Multicenter Comparative Study.

Background: Detailed differences in clinical information between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (CP), which is the main phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 disease, and influenza pneumonia (IP) are still unclear.

Methods: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted by including patients with CP who were hospitalized between January and June 2020 and a retrospective cohort of patients with IP hospitalized from 2009 to 2020. We compared the clinical presentations and studied the prognostic factors of CP and IP.

Correlation of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Effects of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose: The effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been reported to be linked with immune-related adverse events (irAEs). In patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, who tested positive for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor can be used as a treatment, and it was found to improve overall survival. However, there are only a few reports on the relationship between the therapeutic effects of pembrolizumab in patients with lung cancer and the irAEs of pembrolizumab.

Visceral pleural biopsy under medical thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma.

Medical thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive single-port endoscopic technique that provides direct visualization of the pleural surface and allows for diagnostic procedures. The diagnostic yield of medical thoracoscopy is high and is generally based on parietal pleural biopsy findings. Pleural biopsies are valuable for a diagnosis.

Intrapleural urokinase directly under medical thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.

Medical thoracoscopy, also called "local anesthetic thoracoscopy" and "pleuroscopy," is a minimally invasive single-port endoscopic technique that provides direct visualization of the pleural surfaces and channels to conduct diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. However, this technique is not helpful when substantial fibrous adhesions exist. We reported the first case of intrapleural urokinase directly under medical thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma with severe multiloculated pleural effusions in 2019.

Osimertinib Administration as the Primary Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Brain Metastasis of De Novo T790M-positive Lung Cancer.

A 69-year-old woman underwent left upper lobectomy for left upper lobe lung adenocarcinoma. She later perceived a left visual field defect, and a brain metastasis was detected on head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) testing identified two separate EGFR mutations: an L858R mutation in exon 21 and a de novo T790M mutation in exon 20.

Endobronchial Manifestation of Methotrexate-induced Lymphoproliferative Disorder.

Lymphoproliferative disorders can occur in patients with autoimmune disorders who undergo long-term methotrexate therapy (MTX-LPD). Although the manifestations of MTX-LPD are diverse, little attention is paid to endobronchial involvement. We herein describe two patients with MTX-LPD who presented with parenchymal pulmonary tumors and endobronchial involvement of LPD; one had lymphomatoid gramulomatosis and the other LPD.

Pseudoprogression in Previously Treated Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Received Nivolumab Monotherapy.

Introduction: Nivolumab is effective in the treatment of previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC. However, its radiological evaluation is challenging because of atypical patterns of response such as pseudoprogression. We examined the characteristics and outcomes of previously treated patients with NSCLC who were treated with nivolumab and experienced development of pseudoprogression.

Sarcoid-Like Granulomatosis Induced by Nivolumab Treatment in a Lung Cancer Patient.

Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, inhibits binding between PD-1 and PD-1 ligand and activates antigen-specific T cells that have become unresponsive to cancer cells. Although it is recommended as a second-line therapy in gene mutation-negative non-small-cell lung cancer, interstitial pneumonia is a well-known side effect of the drug; however, granulomatous lesions have rarely been reported. We describe the case of an 81-year-old male with cT1aN2M1b stage IV pleomorphic carcinoma of the left upper lobe of the lung.

Efficacy and safety of nivolumab in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: Nivolumab has been shown to be effective and safe in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known regarding its performance in real-world (i.e.

Pleuritis Caused by Mycobacterium kyorinense without Pulmonary Involvement.

We herein describe the first known case of pleuritis caused by Mycobacterium kyorinense without pulmonary involvement. A 48-year-old man undergoing immunosuppressant therapy presented with cough and dyspnea. An accumulation of pleural fluid was noted; however, computed tomography revealed no pulmonary lesions.

Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor of the Pleura Successfully Treated with a Lower Dose of Pazopanib.

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive mesenchymal tumor which primarily affects the abdomen. Even a multimodal approach rarely achieves durable remission and the optimal therapy for extended disease is unknown. We herein describe a rare case of DSRCT arising from the pleura in a 32-year-old man.

[Cervical lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium avium in an immunocompetent adult].

Cervical lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex is relatively common in children but is extremely rare in adults, except in immunocompromised patients. In this report, we describe a case of isolated cervical lymphadenitis in an immunocompetent adult woman. Histological examination of the excised lymph node showed multiple epithelioid cell granulomata with necrosis.

[Development of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving infliximab despite of chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid].

We herein report a case of a 41-year-old female with a 14-year history of Crohn's disease who had been treated with diet and mesalazine. Because of inadequate control, therapy with infliximab was planned. She had a positive result on the interferon-gamma release assay (QuantiFERON TB).

[The prevalence of cigarette smoking among asthmatic adults and association of smoking with emergency department visits].

Unlabelled: We examined the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults with acute asthma and the relationship between smoking status and visits to the emergency department of a hospital.

Setting And Patients: 198 subjects (79 men), in whom acute asthma had been newly diagnosed by physicians in a municipal hospital in 2005, were included in this study.

Results: Thirty-five percent of the enrolled asthmatic patients were current smokers with a mean of 21 pack-years, while 18% were former smokers, and 47% were never-smokers.

[A case of cryptococcal pneumonia accompanying meningitis].

Unlabelled: Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcal pneumonia occurs due to inhalation of the organism into the respiratory tract, sometimes accompanied by meningitis in immunocompromised patients, and can be life-threatening. We report a case of cryptococcal meningitis occurring during corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

[Two cases of herpes simplex esophagitis during treatment for lung cancer].

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the three major causes of infectious esophagitis, along with Candida albicans and Cytomegalo virus (CMV). Most cases occur in immunocompromised hosts, in whom this can be life threatening. We report two cases of herpes simplex esophagitis occurring during treatment for lung cancer.

[A case of severe adult-onset Still' s disease presenting with pleuropericarditis].

Adult-onset Still' s disease (AOSD) is an uncommon rheumatic disease characterized by high spiking fever, arthritis, an evanescent skin rash and variety of systemic symptoms, though initial onset of pleuropulmonary manifestation is relatively rare and could be responsible for a delay in diagnosis. We report a case of AOSD presenting with pleuritis with concomitant pericardial effusion. A 42-year-old Japanese man was admitted with a spiking fever of 40 degrees C, hyperleucocytosis (21.

[Pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium szulgai: a case report].

We reported a case of pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium szulgai (M. szulgai) in an immunocompetent, asymptomatic 55-year-old man without underlying disease. A chest radiograph of an annual health examination revealed a right upper lobe infiltrate with thin-walled cavities, which was not present in the previous year.