Exploring the Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment Blood-Based Biomarkers after Local Antibiotic Periodontal Treatment in Diabetic Patients: Secondary Analysis of Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives:  This article investigates the changes in blood-based biomarkers associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) risk in type 2 diabetic patients following local antibiotic periodontal treatment.

Materials And Methods:  A secondary analysis of data from a 24-week randomized controlled trial was conducted, involving 27 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis. Participants received periodontal treatment biweekly from baseline until the 6th week of the study.

Healthy lifestyle factors as predictors of the initiation of dialysis in people with and without diabetes.

Aims: To clarify the impact of Breslow's scores consisting of only lifestyle habits or American Heart Association's (AHA) Life's Simple 7 scores consisting of lifestyle habits and control targets on starting dialysis in people with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: To pursue the study aims, we examined a nationwide database on 294,647 individuals with and without DM aged 19-72 y in Japan to pursue the study aims. Using multivariate Cox modeling, we evaluated and compared 5 risk factors based on the unfavorable lifestyle factors in Breslow's scores and the unfavorable lifestyle factors and clinical values in AHA Life's Simple 7 scores.

Impact of health practice index and cardiovascular health metrics on incident cardiovascular disease according to glucose tolerance status.

Aims: To evaluate and compare the association of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) with the Health Practice Index (HPI) reflecting only lifestyle habits and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics (ICVHMs) consisting of lifestyle habits and factors targeted for control in the same population according to glucose status.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 1,28,162 participants aged 18-72 years with no history of CVD followed for ≥ 3 years between 2008 and 2016. Participants were classified according to normal glucose tolerance (86,174), prediabetes (36,096), or diabetes (5892).

Risk stratification for cardiovascular disease based on prior coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims/introduction: History of coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), type 2 diabetes and their combined effect on cardiovascular disease are essential for cardiovascular risk management. We investigated the association of prior CAD, prior CeVD, type 2 diabetes and their combination with the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Materials And Methods: This is a historical cohort study including 342,033 participants (aged 18-72 years) followed up for ≥5 years between 2008 and 2016.

Association between screen time, including that for smartphones, and overweight/obesity among children in Japan: NICE EVIDENCE Study 4.

The association between screen time (ST), including that for smartphones, and overweight/obesity in children was examined separately for boys and girls, considering the influence of lifestyle factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2,242 Japanese children (1,278 girls) aged 10-14 years. Overweight/obesity was defined by the International Obesity Task Force.

Usefulness of New Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome Optimized for Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases in Japanese.

Aims: We attempted to clarify whether the multiple criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) can sufficiently predict cardiovascular disease, whether waist circumference (WC) should be required, and whether sex-specific thresholds for each component are necessary. Only a few large-scale studies among East Asians have addressed the ability of MetS to predict cardiovascular disease.

Methods: We analyzed the data of 330,051 men and 235,028 women aged 18-74 years with no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) from a nationwide Japanese claims database accumulated during 2008-2016.

Lifestyle Intervention With Smartphone App and isCGM for People at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Trial.

Aims: Although conventional interventions for people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes are usually conducted face-to-face, such interventions are burdensome for health care providers. We developed a lifestyle intervention program combining lifestyle coaching via a smartphone application augmented by intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring without burdening health care providers. Its effectiveness for glycemic control and body weight reduction in people at risk of type 2 diabetes was investigated.

Machine learning approach to predict body weight in adults.

Background: Obesity is an established risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Thus, weight control is a key factor in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. A simple and quick method to predict weight change over a few years could be helpful for weight management in clinical settings.

Utility of a Physical Fitness Score in Screening for Chronic Diseases.

We developed a new Physical Score (PS) consisting of comprehensive physical fitness indicators and elucidated the association between the resultant PS and metabolic diseases, i.e., diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome (MetS), among Japanese.

Network meta-analysis of glucose-lowering drug treatment regimens with the potential risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in terms of glycemic control and severe hypoglycemia.

Insulin and its secretagogues are essential for some patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to maintain good glycemic control (GC), but severe hypoglycemia (SH) is a concern. This network meta-analysis aimed to find optimal glucose-lowering drug treatment regimens in terms of GC and SH in T2D patients. MEDLINE and EMBASE were used to identify trials that compared two or more treatments including insulins and/or sulfonylurea or glinides and that examined both GC and SH.

Association of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or proteinuria to predict the risk of initiation of dialysis in people with and without diabetes.

Aims: To determine the associations between combined urinary protein (UP) and a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the risk of starting dialysis with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: A nationwide database with claims data on 335,778 people with and without DM aged 19-72 years in Japan was used to elucidate the impact of the severities of UP and eGFR on starting dialysis. Initiation of dialysis was determined from claims using ICD-10 codes and medical procedures.

Relationship between changes in blood pressure from summer to winter and estimated 24-hour salt excretion using spot urine: the Niigata Wellness Study.

A convenient way to determine salt intake is salt excretion using spot urine (e-NaCl). We measured e-NaCl at health checkups and compared results with seasonal changes in blood pressure. Among 19,732 examinees who underwent health checkups from Aug.

Fast walking and physical activity are independent contributors to improved physical function.

Background And Objectives: To clarify whether the presence or absence of fast walking and habitual physical activity are independently associated with the incidence of functional disability.

Methods: This historical cohort study was comprised of 9,652 (4,412 men, mean age 65 years) individuals aged 39-98 years without functional disability at baseline. Functional disability was determined based on the Japanese long-term care insurance system, which specified requirements for assistance in the activities of daily living.

Impact of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on cardiovascular risk by the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and according to sex.

Background: To determine the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and/or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which are pathophysiologically similar and include insulin resistance, on the development of new-onset cardiovascular disease with and without type 2 diabetes and according to sex.

Methods: This study included 570,426 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease who were enrolled in a nationwide claims database from 2008 to 2016 and were classified by the presence or absence of MetS and/or MAFLD stratified by the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and sex. The fatty liver index was used to determine the presence or absence of fatty liver that required a diagnosis of MAFLD.

EGF Downregulates Presynaptic Maturation and Suppresses Synapse Formation In Vitro and In Vivo.

Neuronal differentiation, maturation, and synapse formation are regulated by various growth factors. Here we show that epidermal growth factor (EGF) negatively regulates presynaptic maturation and synapse formation. In cortical neurons, EGF maintained axon elongation and reduced the sizes of growth cones in culture.

Impact of Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control on the Risk of Micro- and Macrovascular Diseases in Patients with Diabetes.

Purpose: Our purpose in the research was to clarify the impact of medication adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents during a 1-year period and subsequent glycemic control on the risk of micro- and macrovascular diseases.

Methods: Examined was a nationwide claims database on 13,256 individuals with diabetic eye disease without requiring prior treatment, 7,862 without prior initiation of dialysis, 15,556 without prior coronary artery disease, 16,243 without prior cerebrovascular disease, and 19,386 without prior heart failure from 2008 to 2016 in Japan. Medication adherence was evaluated by the proportion of days covered.

Impact of prior cerebrovascular disease and glucose status on incident cerebrovascular disease in Japanese.

Background: Although both a history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and glucose abnormality are risk factors for CVD, few large studies have examined their association with subsequent CVD in the same cohort. Thus, we compared the impact of prior CVD, glucose status, and their combinations on subsequent CVD using real-world data.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study including 363,627 men aged 18-72 years followed for ≥ 3 years between 2008 and 2016.

Associations of Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure With the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease or Cerebrovascular Disease According to Glucose Status.

Objective: To determine associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with new-onset coronary artery disease (CAD) or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) according to glucose status.

Research Design And Methods: Examined was a nationwide claims database from 2008 to 2016 on 593,196 individuals. A Cox proportional hazards model identified risks of CAD and CVD events among five levels of SBP and DBP.

Rates and risk factors for amputation in people with diabetes in Japan: a historical cohort study using a nationwide claims database.

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is rising, and diabetes develops at a younger age in East Asia. Although lower limb amputation negatively affects quality of life and increases the risk of cardiovascular events, little is known about the rates and predictors of amputation among persons with diabetes from young adults to those in the "young-old" category (50-72 y).

Methods: We analyzed data from a nationwide claims database in Japan accumulated from 2008 to 2016 involving 17,288 people with diabetes aged 18-72 y (mean age 50.

Association of estimated plasma volume and weight loss after long-term administration and subsequent discontinuation of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor tofogliflozin.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2) are drugs that have been reported to have several effects through the regulation of plasma volume, for example, antihypertensive effects. This study aimed to clarify the impact of long-term administration and subsequent discontinuation of the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin on estimated plasma volume (ePV), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the relationship between changes in ePV, BNP and body weight (BW). Data from 157 participants with type 2 diabetes receiving tofogliflozin monotherapy in a phase 3 study were analysed.