Effect of temperature on sexual size dimorphism during the developmental period in the broad-horned flour beetle.

Adult size in numerous insects is strongly dependent on temperature. In several cases, a temperature-size rule is observed in which developmental temperature and adult size tradeoff. Although several previous studies have demonstrated the temperature-size rule, only a few have explored the relationship between developmental temperature and weapon traits or sexual size dimorphism.

Hereditary nature of death-feigning frequency in a parasitoid wasp Heterospilus prosopidis using sib analysis.

Death feigning, a state of immobility observed in many animals in response to external stimuli, is an anti-predator behaviour. Although previous studies showed that death-feigning behaviours are quantitative genetic traits, the knowledge of the heritable basis of death-feigning behaviour is lacking. To investigate the heritable basis of death-feigning behaviour, we used 3 laboratory strains of a braconid parasitoid wasp, Heterospilus prosopidis.

Transcriptomic comparison between populations selected for higher and lower mobility in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.

Movement is an important behavior observed in a wide range of taxa. Previous studies have examined genes controlling movement using wing polymorphic insects and genes controlling wing size. However, few studies have investigated genes controlling movement activity rather than morphological traits.

Latitudinal cline of death-feigning behaviour in a beetle ().

Death-feigning behaviour is a phenomenon in which a prey is rendered motionless due to stimulation or threat from a predator. This anti-predator defence mechanism has been observed across numerous animal taxa and is considered adaptive in nature. However, longer durations of death feigning can result in decreased opportunities for feeding and reproduction, and therefore is often associated with fitness costs as compared to environments without predators.

Dominance and inheritance patterns of mobility and death feigning in beetle strains selected for moving activity.

Reciprocal crossing of different strains is a suitable method to investigate the dominance and inheritance of a focal trait. Herein, we performed reciprocal crossing among strains of Tribolium castaneum exhibiting a genetically high (H strain) and low (L strain) moving activity and investigated the related heritable factors in the F and F generations. We also evaluated death-feigning behavior, which negatively responded to artificial selection for moving activity in T.

Polygene control and trait dominance in death-feigning syndrome in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.

Death-feigning behavior is an anti-predatory technique used in several animal taxa and often correlates with inhibited movements (i.e., death-feigning syndrome).

Responses to artificial selection for locomotor activity: A focus on death feigning in red flour beetle.

Whole-organism performance, including locomotor activity, is an important fitness trait in many animals. Locomotor activity is often classified into sprint speed and locomotor endurance and differences in sprint speed and locomotor endurance affect on other traits such as life-history traits. Previous studies found that locomotor endurance, sprint speed and brain dopamine (DA) levels are correlated with artificial selection for death feigning (an anti-predator behaviour that we refer to as 'death-feigning syndrome') in some insect species.

Freezing or death feigning? Beetles selected for long death feigning showed different tactics against different predators.

Prey evolve antipredator strategies against multiple enemies in nature. We examined how a prey species adopts different predation avoidance tactics against pursuit or sit-and-wait predators. As prey, we used three strains of beetles artificially selected for short (short strain) or long (long strain) duration of death feigning, and a stock culture (base population).

Genomic characterization between strains selected for death-feigning duration for avoiding attack of a beetle.

Predator avoidance is an important behavior that affects the degree of adaptation of organisms. We compared the DNA variation of one of the predator-avoidance behaviors, the recently extensively studied "death-feigning behavior", between the long strain bred for feigning death for a long time and the short strain bred for feigning death for a short time. To clarify how the difference in DNA sequences between the long and short strains corresponds to the physiological characteristics of the death-feigning duration at the transcriptome level, we performed comprehensive and comparative analyses of gene variants in Tribolium castaneum strains using DNA-resequencing.

Cross-species behavior analysis with attention-based domain-adversarial deep neural networks.

Since the variables inherent to various diseases cannot be controlled directly in humans, behavioral dysfunctions have been examined in model organisms, leading to better understanding their underlying mechanisms. However, because the spatial and temporal scales of animal locomotion vary widely among species, conventional statistical analyses cannot be used to discover knowledge from the locomotion data. We propose a procedure to automatically discover locomotion features shared among animal species by means of domain-adversarial deep neural networks.

An empirical test of the bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis: Female red flour beetles avoid extinction via multiple mating.

Bet-hedging via polyandry (spreading the extinction risk of the female's lineage over multiple males) may explain the evolution of female multiple mating, which is found in a wide range of animal and plant taxa. This hypothesis posits that females can increase their fitness via polyandrous mating when "unsuitable" males (i.e.

Amplitude of circadian rhythms becomes weaken in the north, but there is no cline in the period of rhythm in a beetle.

Many species show rhythmicity in activity, from the timing of flowering in plants to that of foraging behavior in animals. The free-running periods and amplitude (sometimes called strength or power) of circadian rhythms are often used as indicators of biological clocks. Many reports have shown that these traits are highly geographically variable, and interestingly, they often show latitudinal or longitudinal clines.

Anti-predator behaviour depends on male weapon size.

Tonic immobility and escape are adaptive anti-predator tactics used by many animals. Escape requires movement, whereas tonic immobility does not. If anti-predator tactics relate to weapon size, males with larger weapons may adopt tonic immobility, whereas males with smaller weapons may adopt escape.

Deep learning-assisted comparative analysis of animal trajectories with DeepHL.

A comparative analysis of animal behavior (e.g., male vs.

Death feigning as an adaptive anti-predator behaviour: Further evidence for its evolution from artificial selection and natural populations.

Death feigning is considered to be an adaptive antipredator behaviour. Previous studies on Tribolium castaneum have shown that prey which death feign have a fitness advantage over those that do not when using a jumping spider as the predator. Whether these effects are repeatable across species or whether they can be seen in nature is, however, unknown.

Transcriptomic comparison between beetle strains selected for short and long durations of death feigning.

The molecular basis of death feigning, an antipredator behavior that has received much attention recently, was analyzed. We compared the gene expression profiles of strains with different behaviors, i.e.

Arousal from Tonic Immobility by Vibration Stimulus.

Tonic immobility (TI) is an effective anti-predator strategy. However, long immobility status on the ground increases the risk of being eaten by predators, and thus insects must rouse themselves when appropriate stimulation is provided. Here, the strength of vibration causing arousal from the state of TI was examined in strains artificially selected for longer duration of TI (L-strains: long sleeper) in a beetle.

Costs of walking: differences in egg size and starvation resistance of females between strains of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) artificially selected for walking ability.

In many animals, movement often affects fitness components such as foraging or migration. On the other hand, individuals with higher mobility also often have fitness costs. This trade-off between movement and other traits may explain the maintenance of variation in moving ability in a population.

Adults of Lasioderma serricorne and Stegobium paniceum (Anobiidae: Coleoptera) Are Attracted to Ultraviolet (UV) Over Blue Light LEDs.

Two species, the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and the drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum (L.), are particularly important stored-product pests because they damage dry food.

Decoupling of Behavioral Trait Correlation Across Life Stages in Two Holometabolous Insects.

Many animal behaviors have a genetic base, and behavioral traits often correlate with one another. In this study, we tested for a behavioral correlation between tonic immobility and walking distance in the larval and adult stages independently of two holometabolous insects. We confirmed a negative correlation of traits between strains in adults of both the species; however, we did not find it in larvae of either species.

Wolbachia density changes seasonally amongst populations of the pale grass blue butterfly, Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Previous studies showed that the survival rate of Wolbachia decreases under high temperature in incubators. It is also known that a high density of Wolbachia in the host body reduces the host emergence rate, while low densities fail to change reproduction rates. However, few studies have examined the density of Wolbachia in hosts in the field.

Cypermethrin resistance and reproductive types in onion thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Cypermethrin resistance and reproductive types were examined for strains. Some arrhenotokous and thelytokous strains encoded the sodium channel mutation (T929I) involved in cypermethrin resistance. However, the resistance levels varied to some degree among the strains.

Correlated responses in death-feigning behavior, activity, and brain biogenic amine expression in red flour beetle strains selected for walking distance.

Dispersal ability may influence antipredator and mating strategies. A previous study showed a trade-off between predation avoidance and mating success in strains of the red flour beetle selected for walking distance . Specifically, beetles derived from strains selected for longer walking distance suffered higher predation pressure and had higher male mating success than their counterparts derived from strains selected for shorter walking distance.

Monitoring and Detecting the Cigarette Beetle (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) Using Ultraviolet (LED) Direct and Reflected Lights and/or Pheromone Traps in a Laboratory and a Storehouse.

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), is an important stored-product pest worldwide because it damages dry foods. Detection and removal of the female L.