Synthetic approach toward alpha-aminomethyl-gamma-butyrolactones from beta-lactam synthons elaborated by SmI2-mediated reductive coupling reactions.

A simple and straightforward synthetic approach was developed to access a biologically important class of alpha-aminomethyl-gamma-butyrolactones via a beta-lactam synthon strategy involving successive ring-opening and lactonization processes from alpha-hydroxyethyl-substituted beta-lactams that were elaborated by SmI2-mediated reductive coupling reaction.

Changes in the quality of chromophoric dissolved organic matter leached from senescent leaf litter during the early decomposition.

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) leached from leaf litter is a major source of humus in mineral soil of forest ecosystems. While their functions and refractoriness depend on the physicochemical structure, there is little information on the quality of CDOM, especially for that leached in the very early stages of litter decomposition when a large amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is leached. This study aimed to better understand the variations/changes in the composition of CDOM leached from senescent leaf litter from two tree species during the early stage of decomposition.