New immersive alcohol marketing and commerce in metaverse environments.

Introduction: The study aims are to: (i) explore methods for identifying alcohol company marketing in metaverses; (ii) identify current types of alcohol marketing in metaverses; and (iii) identify dominant portrayals and meanings of alcohol marketing in these settings.

Methods: Our design was exploratory, employing various approaches to identify alcohol company marketing across multiple metaverses. In stage one, we systematically navigated through metaverses as an avatar, documenting and coding all instances of alcohol company marketing.

Estimating the alcohol-related burden of child maltreatment among Māori in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Introduction: To assesses the alcohol-related burden of child maltreatment among Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand. We compared the risk of child maltreatment among Māori (0-17 years) exposed to parents with alcohol-related hospitalisation or mental health/addiction service use. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to estimate the number of cases of maltreatment that could be attributed to alcohol among Māori.

A composite index of provincial alcohol control policy implementation capacity in Thailand.

Background: There is a well-published literature on the effectiveness and stringency of alcohol control policies, but not many studies focus on policy implementation, where policies transform into impact. The objective of this study is to create a composite index that measures the capacity for implementing effective alcohol control policies across all provinces in Thailand.

Methods: Based on the international literature, we developed a list of key indicators for tracking the implementation of alcohol policies at the subnational level.

Using the International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index to assess effects of legislative change in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Background: The IAC Policy Index was developed to allow comparison in alcohol policy between countries and within countries over time including in low resource settings. It measures four effective alcohol policies and takes into account stringency of regulation and the actual impact on the alcohol environment, such as trading hours and prices paid. This framework was used to assess policy in Aotearoa New Zealand in a time period covering two relevant legislative changes.

National and regional prevalence of interpersonal violence from others' alcohol use: a systematic review and modelling study.

Background: While alcohol use is an established risk factor for interpersonal violence, the extent to which people are affected by interpersonal violence from others' drinking has not yet been quantified for different world regions. This modelling study aims to provide the first estimates of the national and regional prevalence of interpersonal violence from others' drinking.

Methods: An international systematic literature search (02/28/2023, Prospero: CRD42022337364) was conducted to identify general adult population studies assessing the prevalence of interpersonal violence from others' drinking with no restrictions to publication date or language.

Where do high-risk drinking occasions occur more often? A cross-sectional, cross-country study.

Introduction: The current paper examines the proportion of drinking occasions and total alcohol consumed that takes place at off-premise locations. Comparisons are made between high-income countries: Australia, New Zealand, England and Scotland, and across drinker-types: high-risk and lower-risk.

Methods: Data were taken from the International Alcohol Control study in Australia (N = 1789), New Zealand (N = 1979), England (N = 2844) and Scotland (N = 1864).

Quantifying alcohol-attributable disability-adjusted life years to others than the drinker in Aotearoa/New Zealand: A modelling study based on administrative data.

Background And Aims: Quantifying the health burden of alcohol has largely focused upon harm to drinkers, which is an underestimate. There is a growing literature on alcohol's harm to others (HTO), but it lacks the systematic transfer of HTO into a comparative risk assessment framework. This study calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), interpersonal violence and traffic injury due to another's drinking.

Beverage-specific consumption trends: A cross-country, cross-sectional comparison.

Introduction: The price of alcoholic beverages can vary for a range of reasons, including tax. Risky drinkers purchase more low-cost alcoholic drinks than moderate drinkers, contributing to beverage-specific risks for that category. The study aimed to examine the proportion of total alcohol consumption comprised by each beverage type and their correlates.

Effective alcohol policies are associated with reduced consumption among demographic groups who drink heavily.

Background: Alcohol policies stand out among other noncommunicable disease-relevant policies for the lack of uptake. Composite indicators have been developed to measure the effects of alcohol control policy. We investigated whether drinking patterns among demographic groups from general population samples of drinkers from diverse countries are associated with alcohol control policy as measured by the International Alcohol Control (IAC) Policy Index.

Benchmarking alcohol policy based on stringency and impact: The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index.

This study developed a measurement tool to assess stringency and 'on-the-ground' impact of four key alcohol policy domains to create an alcohol policy index suitable for benchmarking alcohol policy and assessing change over time in middle- and high-income countries. It involved a collaboration between researchers in 12 diverse countries: New Zealand; Australia; England; Scotland; Netherlands; Vietnam; Thailand; South Africa; Turkey; Chile; Saint Kitts and Nevis and Mongolia. Data on the four most effective alcohol policy domains (availability, pricing policy, alcohol marketing, drink driving) were used to create an alcohol policy index based on their association with alcohol per capita consumption (APC) of commercial (recorded) alcohol.

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Aotearoa, New Zealand: Estimates of prevalence and indications of inequity.

Introduction: Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is 100% caused by alcohol. The lifelong disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure cannot be reversed. Lack of reliable national prevalence estimates of FASD is common internationally and true of Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Estimating child maltreatment cases that could be alcohol-attributable in New Zealand.

Aims: Children are an important group harmed by others' alcohol consumption. This study (1) compared the risk of occurrence of child maltreatment among children exposed versus not exposed to parents with an alcohol-attributable hospitalization or service use for mental health/addiction and (2) conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the cases of child maltreatment that could be attributable to alcohol under two different conditions in New Zealand.

Design: A cohort study conducted among children 0-17 years and their parents (years 2000-2017) using the Statistics New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure.

Effective alcohol policies and lifetime abstinence: An analysis of the International Alcohol Control policy index.

Introduction: Alcohol abstinence remains common among adults globally, although low and middle-income countries are experiencing declines in abstention. The effect of alcohol policies on lifetime abstinence is poorly understood. The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index was developed to benchmark and monitor the uptake of effective alcohol policies and has shown strong associations with alcohol per capita consumption and drinking patterns.

Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity-a summary of the third edition.

Background And Aims: This article summarizes the findings and conclusions of the third edition of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity. The latest revision of this book is part of a series of monographs designed to provide a critical review of the scientific evidence related to alcohol control policy from a public health perspective.

Design: A narrative summary of the contents of the book according to five major issues.

Quantitative tools and measurements for assessing the implementation of regulatory policies in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms: A scoping review.

Issues: Implementation of alcohol control policy is a global priority as alcohol contributes to negative individual health and societal impacts. However, there are no available reviews that comprehensively provide tools and measurements for assessing the implementation of alcohol control policy. This study reviews tools and measurements for assessing alcohol policy implementation.

Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Effective Alcohol Control Policies: A Scoping Review.

Implementation of effective alcohol control policies is a global priority. However, at the global and national levels, implementing effective policies is still challenging, as it requires commitment from multiple stakeholders. This review provides a synthesis of barriers and facilitators to implementing effective alcohol control policies.

Changes in the incidence of assault after restrictions on late-night alcohol sales in New Zealand: evaluation of a natural experiment using hospitalization and police data.

Aims: To estimate the effect of national restrictions on late-night availability of alcohol on alcohol-related assault at a population level as indicated by (1) change in hospitalizations for weekend assaults and (2) change in the proportion of assaults documented by police that occur at night.

Design: Evaluation of a natural experiment, involving: (1) pre-post comparisons of age-specific incidence rates, adjusted for seasonality and background trend using Poisson regression; and (2) interrupted time-series analyses, using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of national data with no control site.

Setting: New Zealand.

Online alcohol delivery is associated with heavier drinking during the first New Zealand COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.

Introduction: This paper aimed to assess purchasing and drinking behaviour during the first COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in New Zealand.

Method: A convenience sample was collected via Facebook from 2173 New Zealanders 18+ years during pandemic restrictions April/May 2020. Measures included: the quantity typically consumed during a drinking occasion and heavier drinking (6+ drinks on a typical occasion) in the past week; place of purchase including online alcohol delivery.

Harmful drinking occurs in private homes in some high- and middle-income alcohol markets: Data from the International Alcohol Control Study.

Objectives: To describe how for some high- and middle-income countries, the total volume of alcohol, including volume consumed in harmful drinking occasions, is distributed across drinking locations in each country.

Methods: Population surveys of drinkers were conducted as part of the International Alcohol Control Study in New Zealand, Australia, Vietnam and Thailand. Consumption data were collected using a beverage- and location-specific measure that also allows for the measurement of unrecorded alcohol.

Reduction in Late-Night Violence following the Introduction of National New Zealand Trading Hour Restrictions.

Background: This study aimed to assess the early impact of national alcohol trading hour restrictions on nighttime violence in New Zealand. The new national maximum trading hour restrictions prohibited 24-hour trading by reducing hours to between 8 am and 4 am for on-premises and between 7 am and 11 pm for take-away outlets.

Methods: A telephone survey of alcohol outlets was undertaken to determine actual trading hours before the law change.

A restrictive alcohol social supply law change is associated with less supply to friends under 18 years.

Introduction And Aims: This study aimed to assess the early impacts of a 2013 law change to restrict the social supply of alcohol to under 18s in New Zealand by assessing changes in social suppliers' behaviour.

Design And Methods: National surveys of drinkers aged 16-65 years were collected before (2013) and after (2015) the law change. Suppliers were asked: to whom they supplied alcohol, how often and how much; if the supplier thought the alcohol they provided would be shared; whether the supplier had permission to supply from parent/guardian, and if they supervised their supply.

Drinking patterns vary by gender, age and country-level income: Cross-country analysis of the International Alcohol Control Study.

Introduction And Aims: Gender and age patterns of drinking are important in guiding country responses to harmful use of alcohol. This study undertook cross-country analysis of drinking across gender, age groups in some high-and middle-income countries.

Design And Methods: Surveys of drinkers were conducted in Australia, England, Scotland, New Zealand, St Kitts and Nevis (high-income), Thailand, South Africa, Mongolia and Vietnam (middle-income) as part of the International Alcohol Control Study.

Changes in New Zealand's alcohol environment following implementation of the Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act (2012).

Aim: To assess the impact of the Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012 (SSAA) on the alcohol environment from 2013 to 2015.

Method: A mixed methods study incorporating key informant interviews and administrative data to assess changes between 2013 and 2015. Perceptions of the alcohol environment, policy enforcement and policy compliance were thematically analysed and quantitative ratings summarised.